How Hakka in Taiwan become Holok people(Hockienized)
福佬客，俗稱「客底」，是指改用閩南語，被閩南化的客家人後裔，在臺灣人口的統計中，可能會依其本人的意願，列為閩南人。臺灣有許多著名的福佬客人物，如知名的臺灣文學作家賴和醫師、前臺灣總統李登輝等等。福佬客名詞為林衡道教授提出，用以命名當時臺灣彰化縣一群自稱有「客底」，卻使用閩南語的民眾。臺灣清治時期由中國大陸渡海來臺的移民，不少為梅州及潮州、惠州客家人，但由於閩南人優勢人口的關係，許多客家人已經徹底的閩南化，不再使用客家話，而改用閩南語，也完全融合於閩南族群，是為福佬客。
林衡道1962年在《臺灣文獻》發表〈員林附近的「福佬客」村落〉一文，首先提出「福佬客」這個名詞，他透過祖籍、習俗、語言等方面觀察，發現了彰化平原員林一帶的許多居民，應為客家後裔，定義為被福佬人同化的客家人稱之為「福佬客」。廣寧宮是員林地區歷史最悠久的廟宇，祀奉的就是客家人的鄉土神三山國王。許多姓氏家族的堂號都是客家的，與客家淵源極深。員林福佬客的語言已經完成語言轉換了，目前僅殘留少數客語詞彙，(如地名與親屬稱謂)跟留有許多客籍的尾音的員林腔台語。
河洛
河洛指的是黃河與洛水相交的一帶，以洛陽為中心，現屬河南。洛陽是東漢和兩晉的都城，東漢末黃巾作亂，西晉初有八王之亂，按西元 317 年是西晉國都，洛陽被胡人攻陷（史稱五胡亂華），東晉開始建都南京，偏安江南的一年。為避胡禍，當年有數百萬難民自京師洛陽一帶南遷。其中一大部份是向新都南京投奔，但南京地區腹地有限，只好另謀出路。由於洛陽地近黃河、洛水，附近居民大多通水性，既然南京無法立足，只好乘船出長江口，沿海岸南下發展，部份停留在舟山群島，部份到達浙江溫州，部份更南下至金門、廈門、泉州、彰州及廣東潮州。為不忘本，將所講語言，稱為河洛語，難民們也以河洛人自居。河洛語系族群，目前分佈在閩南的泉州、漳州、廣東的潮州、欽州、廉州、海南島、浙江的溫州和台灣.
閩南話
因福建省舊稱閩越之地，中部大河曰閩江，閩江以北概稱閩北，閩江以南概稱閩南，林語堂博士(中國第一位語言學博士)提出閩北話及閩南話之說，其實不盡然，蓋福建西南部之長汀、上杭一帶居民所言係「客家話」，「閩南話」主要分佈於福建省東南部及沿海各，島嶼，大概可分做三種音系。
甲、 漳州音系：漳州、長泰、華安、龍溪、漳浦、雲霄、海澄、南靖、平和、東山、詔安、漳平等地，龍岩因鄰近上杭，故帶有些客家腔調。
乙、 泉州音系：泉州、晉江、南安、惠安、安溪、永春、德化等地。漳泉音系在發音上略有差別，泉音系較為沈重，以安溪尤甚，漳音系則較為清揚，一般人咸認為「漳 州話」容易學，故有「泉女嫁漳人，入門腔調即變，反之漳女為泉婦，至老音調不改」之說，俗諺譏為「泉州人背祖也」，此乃通俗又明顯之例証。兩支音系雖有 「小異」，大體上稱得上「大同」，彼此可以溝通。
丙、 廈門音系：廈門、金門，廈門開闢港埠以來，人口漸增，各地口音會集，因此自成一格，稱之為「不漳不泉」、「亦漳亦泉」。漳泉移民來台以後往來頻繁，互相影 響，更加擴大「不漳不泉」、「亦漳亦泉」之綜合音調，加。上後受荷蘭人、日本人之影響產生一些外來語，發展至今亦即在台灣所言之「台員話」台灣話。
福佬
福佬為廣東人對福建人（福建佬）的俗稱,福佬是福建佬.在闽粤边界，闽客混住的地方，双方互相称呼对方为『讲hoklo』与『讲客的』。原潮州府（即现潮汕地区）有俗语：『大埔无ho，澄海无客』，说明ho与客並存。但从来没有过自称hoklo(河洛)。Hô-ló人，是針對日常使用闽南语者的族群之称呼，是閩南民系的一支。多數的閩南族群會以居住地區或使用語言自稱，而不是血緣上的分類，比如雷州話人口自稱「雷州人」或「講黎人」；潮州話人口自稱潮州人，閩台片泉州話人口自稱泉州人，閩台片漳州話人口自稱漳州人等。廣義的鶴佬話使用人口分布世界各地。講閩南語臺灣話的Holo人，是台灣四大族群之一。
有關Hô-ló的寫法有下列幾個：
河佬（老）：依明末清初顧炎武在《天下郡國利病書‧福建》中收錄郭造卿《防閩山寇議》的記載："漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也"。
福佬（老）：據清代文獻，指出此一詞彙是客家族群對河洛語言族群的稱謂，即「福建佬」（福建人）之意。但是「福佬」於河洛語漢字讀音為「hok-lò」，客語漢字讀音是「Fuk-ló」（洪惟仁1987，132）。施勝霖則認為「佬」字為貶義詞，「怎會有人自稱自己為XX佬乎？如客家人自稱 客家佬乎？客佬人乎？」（施勝霖 1997，369）。
河洛：梁烱輝表示，『hō ló對應漢字「河洛」二字，不但可資說明發源地，在語音變化的學理說明上』也是有力的證據。學者林安吾認為，河洛人的第一次人口大遷移是發生在4世紀西晋末年、五胡乱華時期分批從中原的「河洛地區」經安徽、浙江、江西而南遷至浙江、福建和廣東，遂主要於福建形成了一群說著中原古音的族群（袁家骅，《汉语方言概要》）。對於「河洛」的説法，林再復認爲閩南人口結構始自於河洛（林再復著《閩南人》）。另外，陳修著《台灣話大詞典》、許成章著《台灣漢語辭典》等語言書籍中都以「河洛」二字對應「Hō-ló」。而梁烱輝（2002）從《廈門音新字典》的白話音變調現象，認爲不能排除lóh為「洛」字的音變。有很長的一段時間，「河洛」這個語彙也受到當時由國民黨執政的官方使用。文史研究者畢長樸在比較華東各地方言後，則指出『河洛』一詞是由甌越而來
鶴佬：洪惟仁不認爲「Hō-ló」等同於「河洛」（hô-lo̍k），因為由語音學上判斷，「洛」字屬於入聲字（lo̍k），而「ló」則是上聲字。認爲由方言比較中認定，「hō-ló」音當為「ho̍h-ló」，是對應古代百越之貉、及蠻族之獠，但漢字不雅，洪惟仁照廣東人習用之「鶴佬」表示。
(source: wikipedia)
臺灣閩南人, 現在因本土化而自稱河洛人、鶴佬人或福佬人
福佬人主要是從明鄭王朝至清領時期，由中國福建省南部的閩南地帶移民而來，由於清領初期渡臺禁令發布，禁止民人攜眷來臺，故來臺的男子多半在臺灣娶妻成家，故今日的福佬人多半混有平埔族原住民血統。又根據原居地，有漳州人、泉州人之分。目前為臺灣人口數最多的族群，占人口總數的70%以上，其中包含被「福佬化」的客家人與平埔族。福佬人也時常自稱為「臺灣人」或「本省人」；但嚴格的定義來說，臺灣人是自我認同為臺灣人者，而本省人則包括客家人及臺灣原住民。
福佬人語言以福佬語（語言學上稱為臺灣話，在中國稱為閩南語閩臺片）為主，可依據漳、泉音融合程度的多寡，粗略分為南部腔(高雄、臺南、嘉義、屏東部分地區)、北部腔(臺北、基隆、桃園部分地區)、宜蘭腔(宜蘭)、海口腔(沿海地區，如鹿港、臺西)、內埔腔(內陸地區)等，各腔差異性不大，在聲調上相當一致，溝通無礙。全台灣大概有73%的人会使用臺灣話
客屬人福佬化
客籍文學作家賴和，在年輕時曾留下「我本客屬人，鄉言更自忘」的詩句，不但是賴和本人的遺憾，也是台灣福佬客最真實的情境，根據林衡道教授所做的定義，福佬客就是「被福佬化的客家人」，早年的客家人因為生活需要，甚至械鬥的記憶，被迫隱藏自己客籍的身分，而逐漸福佬化，不過隨著時代的演變，社會開放加上客家意識的崛起，也讓這群失落的客家人，有機會再度拾回屬於自己的文化。
Showing posts with label People. Show all posts
Showing posts with label People. Show all posts
Wednesday, March 7, 2012
Friday, November 18, 2011
Monday, May 2, 2011
Nagasaki & Penang
I was regret for not visiting Oura Church, Glover Garden, Dutch Slope,Site of the Martyrdom of the 26 Saints of Japan(日本二十六聖人記念館 orにほんにじゅうろくせいじんきねんかん), and Oka Masaharu Memorial Nagasaki Peace Mueseum. But due to the earthquake and the train from Hakata to Nagasaki was suspended, we were forced to wait for hours, and finally decided to take a bus with an English friend to Nagasaki. In the end, we have no time to visit the places that I so long to visit.
I was to trace the development of Christianity from Nagasaki to Yamaguchi ,and later visit St Francis Xavier Memorial Church(ザビエル記念聖堂). The Spanish missionary Francisco de Xavier came to Japan in 1549 and was allowed by the tolerant lord Ouchi to stay in Yamaguchi. Francis Xavier, undertook a mission to Kyoto. On his way, he spent half a year in Yamaguchi, a city he favored over the war torn capital of Kyoto. To commemorate Xavier's visit to Yamaguchi, the Xavier Memorial Church was built in 1952. It burnt down and was reconstructed in the early 1990s. Father St Francis Xavier was a historical personality in Malaysia, there is a school in Penang , named after him.
How I miss to trace the connection between Nagasaki and Penang....
By coincident, when come back from Japan. I come across the website, Nagasaki, Foreign Settlement 1859-1941; http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/index.html. I still able to find some connection between Penang and Nagasaki. I was overjoy with the discovery. I found the relationship between WILLIAM J. ALT(1840-1908)of Nagasaki Foreign Settlement and George Windsor Earl (1813–1865) of Strait Settlement, Penang. WILLIAM J. ALT was son in law of George Windsor Earl. At least I have a fruitful visit to Nagasaki.....
Nagasaki Foreign Settlement 1859-1941
The Ansei Five-Power Treaties, which came into effect in July 1859, ended Japan's long disengagement from international commercial and diplomatic networks. The treaties also provided for the establishment of designated settlements for foreigners in the five Japanese ports of Nagasaki, Kanagawa (Yokohama), Kobe, Niigata and Hakodate.
The foreign settlements subsequently served as springboards for the modernization of Japan. During the first years, Nagasaki played a particularly important role in that it was the closest port to China and a stepping stone for the introduction to Japan of everything from second-hand steamships to bowling balls and as a gateway for coal mining, railroads, newspaper publishing, shipbuilding and other technologies.
In the process, the Nagasaki foreign settlement developed its own unique style of administration, architecture and economic activity and provided a venue for international exchanges on various levels. The port also served as the setting for Madame Chrysanthemum, the 1888 novel by French author Pierre Loti that took nineteenth-century Europe by storm, deepened the cultural influence of "Japonisme" and paved the way for Giacomo Puccini's famous opera Madama Butterfly.
From the outset, however, the Japanese government wanted to revise the treaties because of their inherent inequality: foreign residents of the settlements enjoyed the privilege of extraterritoriality (immunity from local laws) and unilateral authority over many aspects of trade, but this was certainly not the case for Japanese visiting Europe or America.
In 1894 Japan finally succeeded in negotiating the abolition of the former treaties and replacing them with trade pacts similar to those concluded among European countries. The new pacts became effective five years later in July 1899, placing Japan on an equal international footing with the Western powers.
As a result, the Nagasaki foreign settlement, like its counterparts in Kobe, Yokohama and other ports, ceased to exist as an official entity. But the great prosperity of the port around the turn of the century, brought on in part by the military and economic activity related to the Sino-Japanese War, the Spanish-American War, and the Boxer Rebellion, assured its continuation as an unofficial institution retaining its primarily foreign population, its unique social infrastructure and its quasi-Western architectural identity.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, Nagasaki was placed under special military
supervision because of its proximity to the theaters of war. As a result, international shipping came to virtual standstill, and smaller ports in Kyushu such as Kuchinotsu, Moji and Hakata took over a large share of the trade and coal supply business once monopolized by Nagasaki. The following decades witnessed a steady decline in the number of foreign residents, and the outbreak of World War II caused an almost complete exodus.
After World War II, the homes, offices and hotels used by the residents of the former Nagasaki foreign settlement disappeared one after another under the wave of development and urbanization. Now only about one-tenth of the original buildings remain and memories have mostly faded in the old neighborhoods, but the area - and however indirectly the foreigners who once inhabited it - continue to contribute to the economy and culture of Nagasaki through its ongoing role as one of the city's most important tourist attractions.
(source: extract from http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/page003.html)
WILLIAM J. ALT(1840-1908), Nagasaki
William John Alt was born April 4, 1840 in Greenwich, England. At the age of twelve he entered the Merchant Service. Seven years later he joined the Customs Service in China, but left for Nagasaki later the same year after the port was opened to foreign trade. He registered with the British Consulate in Nagasaki January 6, 1860 as a general commission agent. Like his fellow young merchant-adventurer from Britain, Thomas Glover, William Alt made a considerable fortune in the first decade of the foreign settlement by trading tea, marine products, ships and weapons.
The headquarters of Alt & Co. was located on the Nagasaki waterfront at No. 7 Oura.
Situated behind this building at Oura Nos. 18, 19 and 20 were the tea firing warehouses where tea from the neighboring countryside was dried by hundreds of workers on rotating shifts which operated twenty-four hours a day. The coal warehouses were at Oura No. 45, along the water below Minamiyamate. High upon the hill of Minamiyamate overlooking the harbor, Alt built a huge private residence at Nos. 14, 14A and 29. The majestic house still stands and is one of the great tourist attractions at Glover's Garden.
From early on, Alt was an active member in governing the foreign community at Nagasaki. In June 1861 he was appointed one of three members of a committee to head the newly created Chamber of Commerce, and in February of the following year he was elected one of three original members of the Municipal Council. Alt also provided the foreign settlement one of its two fire engines -- Glover & Co. having the other.
Although William Alt was the driving force behind Alt & Co. in Nagasaki, he had a number of partners over the years. His original partner was Herbert M. Wright (1860), then came H.P Simpson (1862), Walter M. Norton (1864) and John R. Hooper (1867). When Alt left Nagasaki for Osaka in 1868, Norton also left the firm. By the beginning of 1871, Henry Hunt was signing for Alt & Co. in Nagasaki and running affairs there. He was assisted by Fredrick Hellyer, a nephew of Alt who had come to Nagasaki in 1868 to work for the company. In 1872, after Alt had returned to England, Hellyer became Hunt's partner in Alt & Co. In 1881, Alt & Co. disappeared from the roster of foreign companies in Nagasaki. Both Hunt and Hellyer (joined by his brother Thomas) opened their own companies in town, with the former taking over all of Alt's former insurance concerns.
We know a fair amount about Alt's private life as well, thanks to records kept by his wife and presented (in edited form) to the City of Nagasaki by their great granddaughter, the Viscountess Montgomery of Alamein in 1985. Upon his way home to England in 1863, Alt met and fell in love with Elisabeth Earl, the sixteen-year-old daughter of George Windsor Earl, the Magistrate of Province Wellesley at the Straits of Malacca. After completing his work in England, William Alt returned to Australia, where he and Elisabeth were married at Adelaide on September 15, 1864. The two newlyweds then proceeded to their new home in Nagasaki.
William and Elisabeth Alt had eight children, six daughters and two sons. The first four children were born in Japan and the remaining ones in England. The Alts lived in Nagasaki until 1868, when they moved to Osaka so that William could pursue business interests in the newly-opened foreign settlement there. They stayed there only eighteen months before moving on to the settlement at Yokohama.
Because of William's poor health, in 1871 the Alts returned to England, settling initially in Surrey. They later moved to London and purchased a house in Kensington. They also had a villa at Rappallo in Italy, where William went in winter to ease his bronchial troubles. He died there on November 9, 1908 at the age of sixty-eight.
(source: extract from http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/page002.html)
George Windsor Earl (1813–1865), Penang
George Samuel Windsor Earl (10-2-1813 to 9-8-1865), Acting governor of Penang in 1860, was an Assitant Resident Councillor of Penang. The author of the book with the title " The Eastern Seas". Yonger son of late Percy Earl Esq, senior of Hamptead, England.
He served in Penang and Province Wellesley from 1859 until his death in 1865.
George Windsor Earl (1813–1865) was an English navigator and author of works on the Indian Archipelago. He coined the term 'Indu-nesian', later popularised and adopted as the name for Indonesia. A skilled linguist, hydrographer, navigator, and draughtsman. He was pioneer of northern Australia.
Earl was born in London around 1813 as George (Samuel) Windsor Earl. He traveled to India in 1827, after becoming a midshipman at age 14, then joined the colonists in Western Australia in 1830. In 1832 he came from Western Australia to Java. He resumed his nautical career, working between Batavia and Singapore, and gained the command of a trading ship. He arrived for the first time from Batavia to Singapore on 6th February 1833.
In 1834 Earl was put in command of the British schooner 'Stamford' which he took to Penang, Java and western Borneo
He returned to England and became involved in a scheme to colonise the North of Australia, and established Port Essington, leaving for Port Essington in 1838. He spent some months in 1842, in Swan River Settlement, Western Australia.
In 1844, he left Port Essington to London. By 1845, the hardships and lack of success of the North Australia Expedition had exhausted him. He made a later venture to the region, promoting cotton and trade, with a similar result. He was in Sydney in 1847, intending to return to Port Essington from Hong Kong or Singapore, but there was no available transport.
In 1848, he was in Malacca as law agent.
From 1855 until his death he held a variety of official administrative positions in the region, his last post was at Penang.
In 1856,he practiced in High Street,Singapore as Advocate and Law Agent. On 1st June 1857,he was appointed as Police Magistrate in Singapore. In 1859 he was Assistant Resident Councillor and exchanged offices with Mr.Willans at Province Wellesley; he then acted for Mr.Braddell in Penang and returned to Province Wellesley in 1860.
Two days after leaving Penang on his way home,Earl died on a sea journey to England in 1865. The South Australian Advertiser dated Friday 27 October 1865 published a family notice, which announced that "On the 9th August,1865 on board the Shantung, on his passage to London, George Windsor Earl, Esq., Assistant Resident Councillor and Police Magistrate of Province Wellesley, Straits of Malacca, passed away at the age of 52 years". He was buried at The Christian Cemetery, located at Northam Road(Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah)in Penang.
As an author
G. W. Earl, who wrote on a diverse range of interests, was regarded as an authority on hydrography and a source of anthropological information on the peoples of the region. His works include papers and books, and a number of pamphlets and other material relating to proposed ventures in Australia. His first major publication, Sailing directions for the Arafura Sea, 1839, was a translation from Dutch narratives of Dirk Hendrik Kolff and others. The records of his observations of deep-sea channels was used by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace when studying the disjuncts in the bio-geographic distribution of the region. He published a paper in 1850 that invented the term 'Indu-nesians', for a quaint racial classification, derived from the Latin for India and island.
He published a seminal anthropological reference on the Papuan peoples, compiled from first hand accounts of other visitors to the region, though his direct contact or exploration of the land is unrecorded and seems unlikely. This work, The native races of the Indian Archipelago: Papuans, was the first in a projected series, further volumes on 'Malayu-Polynesians', Australians, and Moluccans were never realised. Amongst the sources for the material was information Earl obtained from interviews with Owen Stanley and Dumont d'Urville. The volume functioned as a standard reference on the people until the twentieth century, though based on a treatment as a racial classification, was noted for its focus on research from the field. [2] The book included papers on racial types written in 1845, these were encouraged and edited by James Richardson Logan and published in Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia.
Family
George Windsor Earl of Hamstead Heath and of North Australia, married to Clara Siborne on 4-4-1846, at Trinity Church, Upper Chelsea, London. Clara Siborne was the eldest daughter of SIBORNE or SIBORN, WILLIAM (1797–1849), of Royal Military Asylum.(source: The annual register, or, A view of the history and politics of the year ...
, Volume 88 , J.G. & F. Rivington, 1847, pg 221)
SIBORNE or SIBORN, WILLIAM (1797–1849)
SIBORNE or SIBORN, WILLIAM (1797–1849), historian of the Waterloo campaign, was the son of Captain Benjamin Siborn of the 9th or Norfolk regiment of foot, who was wounded at the battle of Nivelle in the Peninsular war, and died while serving with his regiment at St. Vincent in the West Indies on 14 July 1819. William Siborne was born on 15 Oct. 1797, was partly educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and received a commission as ensign in the 9th foot on 9 Sept. 1813. He joined the second battalion at Canterbury, accompanied it to Chatham in February 1815, and to Sheerness in the summer. In August he was one of those drafted to join the army of the Duke of Wellington. On 17 Aug. they landed at Ostend, and marched to Paris, where they arrived on 5 Sept. and encamped near St. Denis. Siborne was promoted to be lieutenant in his regiment on 8 Nov. 1815, and about that date he accompanied it to Boulogne as part of the British army of occupation of France. In February 1817 the regiment was reduced to one battalion, and Siborne found himself placed on half-pay. He was brought back to full pay as a lieutenant in the 47th or Lancashire regiment on 11 Nov. 1824.
In March 1826 Siborne was appointed assistant military secretary to Lieutenant-general Sir George Murray (1772–1846) [q. v.], commanding the forces in Ireland, and held the same appointment with Murray's successors, Sir John Byng, Sir R. Hussey, and Sir Edward Blakeney—until 1843. He was promoted to be captain unattached on 31 Jan. 1840, and on the same date was placed upon half-pay, although he continued to hold the staff appointment of military secretary in Dublin.
In 1822 Siborne published ‘Instructions for Civil and Military Surveyors in Topographical Plan-drawing, founded upon the system of John George Lehman,’ London, 4to; and in 1827 ‘A Practical Treatise on Topographical Surveying and Drawing, containing a simple and easy Mode of Surveying the Detail of any portion of Country, to which are added Instructions in Topographical Modelling,’ London, 8vo. The book was dedicated to his chief, Sir George Murray.
In 1830 Siborne was commissioned by the commander-in-chief to undertake the construction of a model of the field of Waterloo. He accordingly lived for eight months at the farm of La Haye Sainte on the field of battle, and made an accurate survey of the whole ground, upon which he based the construction of the model. The execution of this work occupied some years, as Siborne devoted to it only such leisure time as his professional duties permitted. Siborne consulted surviving officers who had taken part in the campaign. In 1833 the progress of the work was interrupted by the refusal of the new ministry to allot funds for it. Siborne was thus thrown upon his own resources. He continued the work until its completion in 1838, at a cost of nearly 3,000l. The model was publicly exhibited in London and in other places, but the receipts barely covered the expenses of exhibition, and Siborne never recovered the cost of its construction. It is now the property of the Royal United Service Institution. Siborne also constructed a smaller model on a larger scale of a portion of the field of battle. A ‘Guide to Captain Siborne's New Waterloo Model’ was published, London, n. d.
Having amassed a very large amount of information from surviving officers on the subject, not only of the battle but of the whole campaign, Siborne in 1844 published his ‘History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815, containing Minute Details of the Battles of Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Wavre, and Waterloo,’ in two octavo volumes, with folio atlas, London. The work reached a fourth edition in 1894 (Arber's ‘War Library’), and is still a text-book on the subject.
On 6 Nov. 1844 Siborne was appointed secretary and adjutant of the Royal Military Asylum at Chelsea, and died there while holding the appointment on 9 Jan. 1849. He was buried at Brompton cemetery.
Siborne married, in 1824, Helen(Born 1800), daughter of Colonel Aitken of Todhall, near Cupar, Fifeshire, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. The second son, Major-general Herbert Taylor Siborne, born 18 Oct. 1826, edited in 1891, with explanatory notes, ‘Waterloo Letters: a Selection from Original and hitherto Unpublished Letters bearing on the Operations of the 16th, 17th, and 18th June 1815, by Officers who served in the Campaign.’ It is a selection from the letters which his father received concerning the battle and campaign of Waterloo. The whole of the letters are now the property of the British Museum.
(source: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Siborne,_William_%28DNB00%29)
Clara Siborne and George Windsor Earl (1813–1865) only issue was their daughter, Elizabeth Christina Earl( b 1 January 1847 - d 1 January 1928, Age 81) , who married to William John Alt.,at Adelaide on September 15, 1864.
On the 15th September,1864 at Trinity Church, Adelaide, by the Very Rev. Dean Farrell, William John, Alt, Esq., of Japan, to Elizabeth Christiana Fernhill, daughter of George Windsor Earl, Esq., of Province Wellesley, Straits of Malacca.(source: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/31841384)
Their issue:-
a)Mable Edith Alt married to Bertram George Mitford(1864-1940).His issue:-
ai)Elizabeth Christina Mitford married to Richard West. aii)John Bertram Mitford(1899-1979) married to Marjorie Price.Their issue:- bi)Susan D. Mitford married to Michael Davis.His issue:- ci)Samuel Davis. bii) Bertram William Jeremy Mitford married to Joanna Hisey.Their issue:- ci)Selena Mitford married to Chris Peppard.Their issue:- di)Annabel Mitford Peppard.
b)Ethel Margaret Alt.
c)Kathleen Alt.
d)Anne Alt.
e)Phillis Innocent Alt.
f)William Lancelot Brian Alt.
g)Pleasance Alt.
Books published
1. The Eastern Sea(1837)
2. Enterprise, Discoveries, Adventures in Australia(1846)
3. Enterprise in Tropical Australia(1846)
4. The Native Race of Indian Archipelago( 1853)
5. A Handbook for Colonists in Tropical Australia(1863)
6. Topography and itinerary of Province Wellesley(1861)
7. On the shell-mounds of Province Wellesley, in the Malay Peninsula'(1860)-Mr. GW Earl described the singular shell mounds existing in the province of Wellesley, near the Mudah River. They are about five or six miles from the sea, being situated on sand ridge.
Related articles/websites:
1. My earlier blog article,Protestant Cemetery(1789-1892),dated Sunday, May 17, 2009
2. Nagasaki,Foreign Settlement 1859-1941;http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/index.html
3. Foreign bodies: Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940(2008),
edited by Bronwen Douglas, Chris Ballard; ANU E Press, 2008
4. Douglas, Bronwen; Ballard, Chris (eds). "George Windsor Earl — 'a single glance is sufficient'". Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940. Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869 (online ed.). Australian National University. http://epress.anu.edu.au/foreign_bodies/mobile_devices/index.html.
I was to trace the development of Christianity from Nagasaki to Yamaguchi ,and later visit St Francis Xavier Memorial Church(ザビエル記念聖堂). The Spanish missionary Francisco de Xavier came to Japan in 1549 and was allowed by the tolerant lord Ouchi to stay in Yamaguchi. Francis Xavier, undertook a mission to Kyoto. On his way, he spent half a year in Yamaguchi, a city he favored over the war torn capital of Kyoto. To commemorate Xavier's visit to Yamaguchi, the Xavier Memorial Church was built in 1952. It burnt down and was reconstructed in the early 1990s. Father St Francis Xavier was a historical personality in Malaysia, there is a school in Penang , named after him.
How I miss to trace the connection between Nagasaki and Penang....
By coincident, when come back from Japan. I come across the website, Nagasaki, Foreign Settlement 1859-1941; http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/index.html. I still able to find some connection between Penang and Nagasaki. I was overjoy with the discovery. I found the relationship between WILLIAM J. ALT(1840-1908)of Nagasaki Foreign Settlement and George Windsor Earl (1813–1865) of Strait Settlement, Penang. WILLIAM J. ALT was son in law of George Windsor Earl. At least I have a fruitful visit to Nagasaki.....
Nagasaki Foreign Settlement 1859-1941
The Ansei Five-Power Treaties, which came into effect in July 1859, ended Japan's long disengagement from international commercial and diplomatic networks. The treaties also provided for the establishment of designated settlements for foreigners in the five Japanese ports of Nagasaki, Kanagawa (Yokohama), Kobe, Niigata and Hakodate.
The foreign settlements subsequently served as springboards for the modernization of Japan. During the first years, Nagasaki played a particularly important role in that it was the closest port to China and a stepping stone for the introduction to Japan of everything from second-hand steamships to bowling balls and as a gateway for coal mining, railroads, newspaper publishing, shipbuilding and other technologies.
In the process, the Nagasaki foreign settlement developed its own unique style of administration, architecture and economic activity and provided a venue for international exchanges on various levels. The port also served as the setting for Madame Chrysanthemum, the 1888 novel by French author Pierre Loti that took nineteenth-century Europe by storm, deepened the cultural influence of "Japonisme" and paved the way for Giacomo Puccini's famous opera Madama Butterfly.
From the outset, however, the Japanese government wanted to revise the treaties because of their inherent inequality: foreign residents of the settlements enjoyed the privilege of extraterritoriality (immunity from local laws) and unilateral authority over many aspects of trade, but this was certainly not the case for Japanese visiting Europe or America.
In 1894 Japan finally succeeded in negotiating the abolition of the former treaties and replacing them with trade pacts similar to those concluded among European countries. The new pacts became effective five years later in July 1899, placing Japan on an equal international footing with the Western powers.
As a result, the Nagasaki foreign settlement, like its counterparts in Kobe, Yokohama and other ports, ceased to exist as an official entity. But the great prosperity of the port around the turn of the century, brought on in part by the military and economic activity related to the Sino-Japanese War, the Spanish-American War, and the Boxer Rebellion, assured its continuation as an unofficial institution retaining its primarily foreign population, its unique social infrastructure and its quasi-Western architectural identity.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, Nagasaki was placed under special military
supervision because of its proximity to the theaters of war. As a result, international shipping came to virtual standstill, and smaller ports in Kyushu such as Kuchinotsu, Moji and Hakata took over a large share of the trade and coal supply business once monopolized by Nagasaki. The following decades witnessed a steady decline in the number of foreign residents, and the outbreak of World War II caused an almost complete exodus.
After World War II, the homes, offices and hotels used by the residents of the former Nagasaki foreign settlement disappeared one after another under the wave of development and urbanization. Now only about one-tenth of the original buildings remain and memories have mostly faded in the old neighborhoods, but the area - and however indirectly the foreigners who once inhabited it - continue to contribute to the economy and culture of Nagasaki through its ongoing role as one of the city's most important tourist attractions.
(source: extract from http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/page003.html)
WILLIAM J. ALT(1840-1908), Nagasaki
William John Alt was born April 4, 1840 in Greenwich, England. At the age of twelve he entered the Merchant Service. Seven years later he joined the Customs Service in China, but left for Nagasaki later the same year after the port was opened to foreign trade. He registered with the British Consulate in Nagasaki January 6, 1860 as a general commission agent. Like his fellow young merchant-adventurer from Britain, Thomas Glover, William Alt made a considerable fortune in the first decade of the foreign settlement by trading tea, marine products, ships and weapons.
The headquarters of Alt & Co. was located on the Nagasaki waterfront at No. 7 Oura.
Situated behind this building at Oura Nos. 18, 19 and 20 were the tea firing warehouses where tea from the neighboring countryside was dried by hundreds of workers on rotating shifts which operated twenty-four hours a day. The coal warehouses were at Oura No. 45, along the water below Minamiyamate. High upon the hill of Minamiyamate overlooking the harbor, Alt built a huge private residence at Nos. 14, 14A and 29. The majestic house still stands and is one of the great tourist attractions at Glover's Garden.
From early on, Alt was an active member in governing the foreign community at Nagasaki. In June 1861 he was appointed one of three members of a committee to head the newly created Chamber of Commerce, and in February of the following year he was elected one of three original members of the Municipal Council. Alt also provided the foreign settlement one of its two fire engines -- Glover & Co. having the other.
Although William Alt was the driving force behind Alt & Co. in Nagasaki, he had a number of partners over the years. His original partner was Herbert M. Wright (1860), then came H.P Simpson (1862), Walter M. Norton (1864) and John R. Hooper (1867). When Alt left Nagasaki for Osaka in 1868, Norton also left the firm. By the beginning of 1871, Henry Hunt was signing for Alt & Co. in Nagasaki and running affairs there. He was assisted by Fredrick Hellyer, a nephew of Alt who had come to Nagasaki in 1868 to work for the company. In 1872, after Alt had returned to England, Hellyer became Hunt's partner in Alt & Co. In 1881, Alt & Co. disappeared from the roster of foreign companies in Nagasaki. Both Hunt and Hellyer (joined by his brother Thomas) opened their own companies in town, with the former taking over all of Alt's former insurance concerns.
We know a fair amount about Alt's private life as well, thanks to records kept by his wife and presented (in edited form) to the City of Nagasaki by their great granddaughter, the Viscountess Montgomery of Alamein in 1985. Upon his way home to England in 1863, Alt met and fell in love with Elisabeth Earl, the sixteen-year-old daughter of George Windsor Earl, the Magistrate of Province Wellesley at the Straits of Malacca. After completing his work in England, William Alt returned to Australia, where he and Elisabeth were married at Adelaide on September 15, 1864. The two newlyweds then proceeded to their new home in Nagasaki.
William and Elisabeth Alt had eight children, six daughters and two sons. The first four children were born in Japan and the remaining ones in England. The Alts lived in Nagasaki until 1868, when they moved to Osaka so that William could pursue business interests in the newly-opened foreign settlement there. They stayed there only eighteen months before moving on to the settlement at Yokohama.
Because of William's poor health, in 1871 the Alts returned to England, settling initially in Surrey. They later moved to London and purchased a house in Kensington. They also had a villa at Rappallo in Italy, where William went in winter to ease his bronchial troubles. He died there on November 9, 1908 at the age of sixty-eight.
(source: extract from http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/page002.html)
George Windsor Earl (1813–1865), Penang
George Samuel Windsor Earl (10-2-1813 to 9-8-1865), Acting governor of Penang in 1860, was an Assitant Resident Councillor of Penang. The author of the book with the title " The Eastern Seas". Yonger son of late Percy Earl Esq, senior of Hamptead, England.
He served in Penang and Province Wellesley from 1859 until his death in 1865.
George Windsor Earl (1813–1865) was an English navigator and author of works on the Indian Archipelago. He coined the term 'Indu-nesian', later popularised and adopted as the name for Indonesia. A skilled linguist, hydrographer, navigator, and draughtsman. He was pioneer of northern Australia.
Earl was born in London around 1813 as George (Samuel) Windsor Earl. He traveled to India in 1827, after becoming a midshipman at age 14, then joined the colonists in Western Australia in 1830. In 1832 he came from Western Australia to Java. He resumed his nautical career, working between Batavia and Singapore, and gained the command of a trading ship. He arrived for the first time from Batavia to Singapore on 6th February 1833.
In 1834 Earl was put in command of the British schooner 'Stamford' which he took to Penang, Java and western Borneo
He returned to England and became involved in a scheme to colonise the North of Australia, and established Port Essington, leaving for Port Essington in 1838. He spent some months in 1842, in Swan River Settlement, Western Australia.
In 1844, he left Port Essington to London. By 1845, the hardships and lack of success of the North Australia Expedition had exhausted him. He made a later venture to the region, promoting cotton and trade, with a similar result. He was in Sydney in 1847, intending to return to Port Essington from Hong Kong or Singapore, but there was no available transport.
In 1848, he was in Malacca as law agent.
From 1855 until his death he held a variety of official administrative positions in the region, his last post was at Penang.
In 1856,he practiced in High Street,Singapore as Advocate and Law Agent. On 1st June 1857,he was appointed as Police Magistrate in Singapore. In 1859 he was Assistant Resident Councillor and exchanged offices with Mr.Willans at Province Wellesley; he then acted for Mr.Braddell in Penang and returned to Province Wellesley in 1860.
Two days after leaving Penang on his way home,Earl died on a sea journey to England in 1865. The South Australian Advertiser dated Friday 27 October 1865 published a family notice, which announced that "On the 9th August,1865 on board the Shantung, on his passage to London, George Windsor Earl, Esq., Assistant Resident Councillor and Police Magistrate of Province Wellesley, Straits of Malacca, passed away at the age of 52 years". He was buried at The Christian Cemetery, located at Northam Road(Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah)in Penang.
As an author
G. W. Earl, who wrote on a diverse range of interests, was regarded as an authority on hydrography and a source of anthropological information on the peoples of the region. His works include papers and books, and a number of pamphlets and other material relating to proposed ventures in Australia. His first major publication, Sailing directions for the Arafura Sea, 1839, was a translation from Dutch narratives of Dirk Hendrik Kolff and others. The records of his observations of deep-sea channels was used by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace when studying the disjuncts in the bio-geographic distribution of the region. He published a paper in 1850 that invented the term 'Indu-nesians', for a quaint racial classification, derived from the Latin for India and island.
He published a seminal anthropological reference on the Papuan peoples, compiled from first hand accounts of other visitors to the region, though his direct contact or exploration of the land is unrecorded and seems unlikely. This work, The native races of the Indian Archipelago: Papuans, was the first in a projected series, further volumes on 'Malayu-Polynesians', Australians, and Moluccans were never realised. Amongst the sources for the material was information Earl obtained from interviews with Owen Stanley and Dumont d'Urville. The volume functioned as a standard reference on the people until the twentieth century, though based on a treatment as a racial classification, was noted for its focus on research from the field. [2] The book included papers on racial types written in 1845, these were encouraged and edited by James Richardson Logan and published in Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia.
Family
George Windsor Earl of Hamstead Heath and of North Australia, married to Clara Siborne on 4-4-1846, at Trinity Church, Upper Chelsea, London. Clara Siborne was the eldest daughter of SIBORNE or SIBORN, WILLIAM (1797–1849), of Royal Military Asylum.(source: The annual register, or, A view of the history and politics of the year ...
, Volume 88 , J.G. & F. Rivington, 1847, pg 221)
SIBORNE or SIBORN, WILLIAM (1797–1849)
SIBORNE or SIBORN, WILLIAM (1797–1849), historian of the Waterloo campaign, was the son of Captain Benjamin Siborn of the 9th or Norfolk regiment of foot, who was wounded at the battle of Nivelle in the Peninsular war, and died while serving with his regiment at St. Vincent in the West Indies on 14 July 1819. William Siborne was born on 15 Oct. 1797, was partly educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and received a commission as ensign in the 9th foot on 9 Sept. 1813. He joined the second battalion at Canterbury, accompanied it to Chatham in February 1815, and to Sheerness in the summer. In August he was one of those drafted to join the army of the Duke of Wellington. On 17 Aug. they landed at Ostend, and marched to Paris, where they arrived on 5 Sept. and encamped near St. Denis. Siborne was promoted to be lieutenant in his regiment on 8 Nov. 1815, and about that date he accompanied it to Boulogne as part of the British army of occupation of France. In February 1817 the regiment was reduced to one battalion, and Siborne found himself placed on half-pay. He was brought back to full pay as a lieutenant in the 47th or Lancashire regiment on 11 Nov. 1824.
In March 1826 Siborne was appointed assistant military secretary to Lieutenant-general Sir George Murray (1772–1846) [q. v.], commanding the forces in Ireland, and held the same appointment with Murray's successors, Sir John Byng, Sir R. Hussey, and Sir Edward Blakeney—until 1843. He was promoted to be captain unattached on 31 Jan. 1840, and on the same date was placed upon half-pay, although he continued to hold the staff appointment of military secretary in Dublin.
In 1822 Siborne published ‘Instructions for Civil and Military Surveyors in Topographical Plan-drawing, founded upon the system of John George Lehman,’ London, 4to; and in 1827 ‘A Practical Treatise on Topographical Surveying and Drawing, containing a simple and easy Mode of Surveying the Detail of any portion of Country, to which are added Instructions in Topographical Modelling,’ London, 8vo. The book was dedicated to his chief, Sir George Murray.
In 1830 Siborne was commissioned by the commander-in-chief to undertake the construction of a model of the field of Waterloo. He accordingly lived for eight months at the farm of La Haye Sainte on the field of battle, and made an accurate survey of the whole ground, upon which he based the construction of the model. The execution of this work occupied some years, as Siborne devoted to it only such leisure time as his professional duties permitted. Siborne consulted surviving officers who had taken part in the campaign. In 1833 the progress of the work was interrupted by the refusal of the new ministry to allot funds for it. Siborne was thus thrown upon his own resources. He continued the work until its completion in 1838, at a cost of nearly 3,000l. The model was publicly exhibited in London and in other places, but the receipts barely covered the expenses of exhibition, and Siborne never recovered the cost of its construction. It is now the property of the Royal United Service Institution. Siborne also constructed a smaller model on a larger scale of a portion of the field of battle. A ‘Guide to Captain Siborne's New Waterloo Model’ was published, London, n. d.
Having amassed a very large amount of information from surviving officers on the subject, not only of the battle but of the whole campaign, Siborne in 1844 published his ‘History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815, containing Minute Details of the Battles of Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Wavre, and Waterloo,’ in two octavo volumes, with folio atlas, London. The work reached a fourth edition in 1894 (Arber's ‘War Library’), and is still a text-book on the subject.
On 6 Nov. 1844 Siborne was appointed secretary and adjutant of the Royal Military Asylum at Chelsea, and died there while holding the appointment on 9 Jan. 1849. He was buried at Brompton cemetery.
Siborne married, in 1824, Helen(Born 1800), daughter of Colonel Aitken of Todhall, near Cupar, Fifeshire, by whom he had two sons and two daughters. The second son, Major-general Herbert Taylor Siborne, born 18 Oct. 1826, edited in 1891, with explanatory notes, ‘Waterloo Letters: a Selection from Original and hitherto Unpublished Letters bearing on the Operations of the 16th, 17th, and 18th June 1815, by Officers who served in the Campaign.’ It is a selection from the letters which his father received concerning the battle and campaign of Waterloo. The whole of the letters are now the property of the British Museum.
(source: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Siborne,_William_%28DNB00%29)
Clara Siborne and George Windsor Earl (1813–1865) only issue was their daughter, Elizabeth Christina Earl( b 1 January 1847 - d 1 January 1928, Age 81) , who married to William John Alt.,at Adelaide on September 15, 1864.
On the 15th September,1864 at Trinity Church, Adelaide, by the Very Rev. Dean Farrell, William John, Alt, Esq., of Japan, to Elizabeth Christiana Fernhill, daughter of George Windsor Earl, Esq., of Province Wellesley, Straits of Malacca.(source: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/31841384)
Their issue:-
a)Mable Edith Alt married to Bertram George Mitford(1864-1940).His issue:-
ai)Elizabeth Christina Mitford married to Richard West. aii)John Bertram Mitford(1899-1979) married to Marjorie Price.Their issue:- bi)Susan D. Mitford married to Michael Davis.His issue:- ci)Samuel Davis. bii) Bertram William Jeremy Mitford married to Joanna Hisey.Their issue:- ci)Selena Mitford married to Chris Peppard.Their issue:- di)Annabel Mitford Peppard.
b)Ethel Margaret Alt.
c)Kathleen Alt.
d)Anne Alt.
e)Phillis Innocent Alt.
f)William Lancelot Brian Alt.
g)Pleasance Alt.
Books published
1. The Eastern Sea(1837)
2. Enterprise, Discoveries, Adventures in Australia(1846)
3. Enterprise in Tropical Australia(1846)
4. The Native Race of Indian Archipelago( 1853)
5. A Handbook for Colonists in Tropical Australia(1863)
6. Topography and itinerary of Province Wellesley(1861)
7. On the shell-mounds of Province Wellesley, in the Malay Peninsula'(1860)-Mr. GW Earl described the singular shell mounds existing in the province of Wellesley, near the Mudah River. They are about five or six miles from the sea, being situated on sand ridge.
Related articles/websites:
1. My earlier blog article,Protestant Cemetery(1789-1892),dated Sunday, May 17, 2009
2. Nagasaki,Foreign Settlement 1859-1941;http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/index.html
3. Foreign bodies: Oceania and the science of race 1750-1940(2008),
edited by Bronwen Douglas, Chris Ballard; ANU E Press, 2008
4. Douglas, Bronwen; Ballard, Chris (eds). "George Windsor Earl — 'a single glance is sufficient'". Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940. Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869 (online ed.). Australian National University. http://epress.anu.edu.au/foreign_bodies/mobile_devices/index.html.
Monday, March 7, 2011
Lunch in heaven(天堂午餐)
This video was done by a university student in China about the mother's love, it touches many hearts in China.
While you are still waiting, you had lost it forever...
Mother had been preparing lunch for you each days; but never a word of appreciation given to her, we take things for granted; yet her love flowing like shower of blessing, taking care of you each days...
One day she was gone, and you can only prepare for her, lunch in heaven....
Cherish the parent while they are still alive.....
Remember mother, in International Woman Day, appreciate for what she had done in your life....
Mother from all over the world, you are the best woman in the world...without you our life will be different...
We, children salute you....
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Beautiful Minds: Stephen Wiltshire
Wah...it is amazing, a photocopy mind?.....
He is Stephen Wiltshire, a special person. A person who suffered from autism, but is gifted with a beautiful minds, a strong power for visual memorization. Some said he is a human camera.....
Stephen has produced the mindblowing masterpiece, a panoramic memory drawing of Rome in June 2005. He was taken for a short helicopter ride where he viewed the old city from bird's eye view. Stephen was amazed by the Vatican and later on he viewed the Trevi Fountain, the Piazza Venezia and the ruins of ancient Rome. He spent just over two days completing his unique view of Rome on paper.
Wiltshire was diagnosed with autism at the age of three and was only able to communicate through his drawings, until he learned to speak when he was nine. His teachers at Queensmill School in London encouraged his speech by temporarily removing his pens and paper so that he had to ask for them back.....
Who is Stephen Wiltshire?
Stephen Wiltshire MBE, (born April 24, 1974) is an architectural artist who has been diagnosed with autism. Wiltshire was born in London, England, to West Indian parents.[1] He is known for his ability to draw a landscape after seeing it just once. He studied Fine Art at City & Guilds Art College. His work is popular all over the world, and is held in a number of important collections.
Wiltshire was mute and at the age of three when he was diagnosed as autistic. The same year, his father died in a motorcycle accident.[1][2] At the age of five, Stephen was sent to Queensmill School in London where he expressed interest in drawing. He began to communicate through his art. At the age of eight, he started drawing imaginary post-earthquake cityscapes and cars.
His teachers encouraged his drawing and with their aid Wiltshire learned to speak at the age of five.[2] When he was ten, Wiltshire drew a sequence of drawings of London landmarks, one for each letter, that he called a "London Alphabet".[3]
In 1987, Wiltshire was part of a BBC programme The Foolish Wise Ones.[3] A collection of his works, named Drawings, was published that year.[3] Wiltshire can look at a target once and then draw an accurate and detailed picture of it. He once drew the whole of central London after a helicopter trip above it.[4] He can also make imaginary scenes like St. Paul's Cathedral surrounded by flames. In 2003, there was a major retrospective in the Orleans House gallery in Twickenham, London.
Wiltshire's books include Drawings (1987), Cities (1989), Floating Cities (1991), and Stephen Wiltshire's American Dream (1993). His third book—Floating Cities (Michael Joseph, 1991)—was number one on the Sunday Times best-seller list.
Between 1995 and his graduation in 1998, Wiltshire attended the City and Guilds of London Art School[5] in Lambeth, South London.
(source: wikipedia)
You want to know more about him, his website http://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk/ and his detail biography can be found in http://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk/biography.aspx
Stephen Wiltshire in Shanghai
Stephen Wiltshire in Shanghai in Tokyo
What is Autism?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Autistic disorder, sometimes called autism or classical ASD, is the most severe form of ASD, while other conditions along the spectrum include a milder form known as Asperger syndrome, the rare condition called Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (usually referred to as PDD-NOS). Although ASD varies significantly in character and severity, it occurs in all ethnic and socioeconomic groups and affects every age group. Experts estimate that three to six children out of every 1,000 will have ASD. Males are four times more likely to have ASD than females.
(source: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm)
Medically, Autism may be a biological disorder, but we have seen many people suffered from Autism, who are also gifted in another way. They excel in using their special gift given to them, one of them is Stephen Wiltshire. His beautiful mind make our world look beautiful, what a beautiful life.....
Finally, Stephen Wiltshire in New York.....
Related articles
1. Autism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism
2. The Stephen Wiltshire Gallery; http://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk/
3. Scientists Link 'Sets' of Genetic Abnormalities to Autism Risk, http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/650465.html
4. Autism Research Institute, http://www.autism.com/
5. Autism in Malaysia, http://autism.my/
6. Brain, http://www.ninds.nih.gov
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Why Generation, Y Generation or Generation Y?
Y Generation
One of the readers sent this to me, about Y Generation;
People born before 1946 were called The Silent generation.
People born between 1946 and 1959 are called The Baby Boomers.
People born between 1960 and 1979 are called Generation X,
And people born between 1980 and 2010 are called Generation Y
Why do we call the last group Generation Y?
I always thought it was because they say.... you know;
Y should I get a job?
Y should I leave home and find my own place?
Y should I get a car when I can borrow yours?
Y should I clean my room?
Y should I wash and iron my own clothes?
Y should I buy any food?
Why?
Generation Y
Generation Y, also known as the Millennial Generation (or Millennials),[1][2] Generation Next,[3] Net Generation,[4] Echo Boomers,[5] describes the demographic cohort following Generation X. As there are no precise dates for when the Millennial generation starts and ends, commentators have used birth dates ranging somewhere from the mid-1970s[6] to the early 2000s.[7] Members of this generation are called Echo Boomers, due to the significant increase in birth rates through the 1980s and into the 1990s, and because many of them are children of baby boomers.[8][9][10][11] The 20th century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued,[12][13] however, so the relative impact of the "baby boom echo" was generally less pronounced than the original boom.
Characteristics of the generation vary by region, depending on social and economic conditions. However, it is generally marked by an increased use and familiarity with communications, media, and digital technologies. In most parts of the world its upbringing was marked by an increase in a neoliberal approach to politics and economics.[14] The effects of this environment are disputed.
The Millennial Generation (or Gen Y), like other generations, has been shaped by the events, leaders, developments and trends of its time.[54] The rise of instant communication technologies made possible through use of the internet, such as email, texting, and IM and new media used through websites like YouTube and social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, may explain the Millennials' reputation for being somewhat peer-oriented due to easier facilitation of communication through technology.[55]
Expression and acceptance has been highly important to this generation. In China, with a total population of a billion people, the urge to stand out and be individualistic has become a staple of the Chinese youth culture.[56] Elsewhere, mainly in more well-developed nations, several cohorts of Generation Y members have found comfort in online games such as MMORPGs and virtual worlds like World of Warcraft and Second Life.[57] Flash mobbing, internet meme, and online communities have given some of the more expressive Generation Y members acceptance, while online pen pals have given the more socially timid individuals acceptance as well.[58]
[edit] Digital technology
In their 2007 book, authors Junco and Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of Howe and Strauss to include research-based information about the personality profiles of Millennials, especially as it relates to higher education. They conducted a large-sample (7,705) research study of college students. They found that Next Generation college students, born between 1982–2003, were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations. In their survey, they found that 97% of these students owned a computer, 94% owned a cell phone, and 56% owned a MP3 player. They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics. Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76% of students used instant messaging, 92% of those reported multitasking while IMing, 40% of them used television to get most of their news, with 15% watched The Daily Show and 5% The Colbert Report, and 34% of students surveyed used the Internet.[59][60]
In June 2009, Nielsen released the report, "How Teens Use Media" which discussed the latest data on media usage by generation. In this report, Nielsen set out to redefine the dialogue around media usage by the youngest of Generation Y, extending through working age Generation Y and compared to Generation X and Baby Boomers.[61]
The Millennials grew up amid a time during which the Internet caused great change to all traditional media. Shawn Fanning, considered by some sources a Generation Y member, founded the peer-to-peer file sharing service Napster while in college. Though the RIAA won a lawsuit and shut down the service in 2001, innovations in technology mean the Millennials have access to more media on demand than any previous generation and have forced the media industry to adapt to new business models. As a result music has become more independently generated due to the rise of the MP3 format, as well as other changes in the way people access music.[62][63] This has also led to fewer artists gaining the degree of popularity observed in past decades, and music trends have become less uniform.
Literature and pop culture of the 1990s and 2000s popular with Gen Y include Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Pokémon, Goosebumps (childhood),[64] and The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. Many of the latter half of generation Y also enjoy the Harry Potter series of books and films.
Some have argued that the Millennials have "moved beyond" the ideological battles spawned by the counterculture of the 1960s, which persisted through the 1990s in the form of the culture wars.[65] This is further documented in Strauss & Howe's book titled Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, which describes the Millennial generation as "civic minded," rejecting the attitudes of the Baby Boomers and Generation X.[66]
(source: wikipedia)
Generation Y in China
In China, some Generation Y is part of generation called "The Post-80s" (八零后) is a colloquial term which refers to the generation whose members were born between 1980 to 1989 in Mainland China after the introduction of the One-child policy.The Post-90s (九零后) means people born between the years 1990 to 1999 in urban areas. They are usually concerted to brain-disabled characters and non-mainstream culture. The early part of this generation, at least, is often classed as a part of China's Generation Y along with 80s-born.It is a generation of approximately 240 million people born between 1980 and 1990, although characteristics of the after-eighty generation have also been seen in those born in the 1990s. Growing up in modern China, this generation has been characterized by its optimism for the future, newfound excitement for consumerism, entrepreneurship, and acceptance of its historic role in transforming modern China into an economic superpower.
Politically this is the time bomb for China, the Y generation of urban and rural areas; more potentially explosive are the Generation Y of the rural areas, as compare to their counterparts in urban areas, they have lost and not enjoy what the urban enjoy, the economic sweeties. But they all are highly exposed to internet technology despite their controlled internet environment.
Y Generation in Taiwan
Strawberry generation (草莓族), is a Chinese language neologism for Taiwanese people born between 1981 and 1991 who "bruise easily" like strawberries -- meaning they can't withstand social pressure or work hard like their parents' generation; the term refers to people who are insubordinate,[3] spoiled, selfish, arrogant, and sluggish in work.[4] Persons from this generation have grown up being overprotected by their parents and in an environment of economic prosperity, in a similar manner to how strawberries are grown in protected greenhouses and command a higher price compared to other fruits.
But they are not soft strawberry when fighting for their right....
Chractristic of Generation Y from article by Sally Kane, About.com Guide:
1. Tech-Savvy: Generation Y grew up with technology and rely on it to perform their jobs better. Armed with BlackBerrys, laptops, cellphones and other gadgets, Generation Y is plugged-in 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This generation prefers to communicate through e-mail and text messaging rather than face-to-face contact and prefers webinars and online technology to traditional lecture-based presentations.
2. Family-Centric: The fast-track has lost much of its appeal for Generation Y who is willing to trade high pay for fewer billable hours, flexible schedules and a better work/life balance. While older generations may view this attitude as narcissistic or lacking commitment, discipline and drive, Generation Y legal professionals have a different vision of workplace expectations and prioritize family over work.
3. Achievement-Oriented: Nurtured and pampered by parents who did not want to make the mistakes of the previous generation, Generation Y is confident, ambitious and achievement-oriented. They have high expectations of their employers, seek out new challenges and are not afraid to question authority. Generation Y wants meaningful work and a solid learning curve.
4. Team-Oriented: As children, Generation Y participated in team sports, play groups and other group activities. They value teamwork and seek the input and affirmation of others. Part of a no-person-left-behind generation, Generation Y is loyal, committed and wants to be included and involved.
5. Attention-Craving: Generation Y craves attention in the forms of feedback and guidance. They appreciate being kept in the loop and seek frequent praise and reassurance. Generation Y may benefit greatly from mentors who can help guide and develop their young careers.
(source: http://legalcareers.about.com/od/practicetips/a/GenerationY.htm)
Generation Y, is it just a marketing segment? or segment for population survey? The segment is the core segment for marketing professionals. Generation Y is making news lately, in global politic, in Middle East....they are no longer a marketing segment...they now have political ambitions.
I know they are different, they are IT generation, the generation that use IT Technology to make changes, they use facebook to start the recent Tunisia & Egypt uprising, they communicate fast....the uprising of Generation Y?.....they are going to compete with Generation X in global politic as significant force, they are going to voice up strong in countries with dictatorship(many are baby boomers). They will question the ruling dictators, why you did not give me my personal freedom, why you did not respect my basic human right, why this, why that, as they are generation Y(Why?)...
They are the same, all over the world; with the Internet technology and communication access they are evolved from their popular culture; they may be blurred in race identity, national identity, religion identity, but identify with group norm of their social media group. They are borderless...But they are slowly open up to politic, to fight for information freedom, democracy to use social media, and basic human right to live as individual with liberty environment. The internet technology will open up their mind, see in the global perspective, less extreme in ideology, more green environmentally, more social concern,.......and more politic awareness...
May be all the global political leaders should read books on how to manage Generation Y, instead of banning internet, facebook, youtube, or even using military force to stop the uprising....better read the book before it is too late....to continue to be dictator, you need to understand the psychology of Generation Y. Otherwise you need to open up and give back their freedom and democracy to the Generation Y.
.....they are going to make greater impact on the world.....Generation Y......and they are going to be the national leaders one day...
Related articles
1.Generation Y, http://legalcareers.about.com/od/practicetips/a/GenerationY.htm
2. Generation Y, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Y
3. Malaysia's Gen Y unplugged, http://www.pwc.com/en_MY/my/assets/publications/gen-y.pdf
4. What Gen Y Really Wants, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1640395,00.html
5. The Buzz is on the new lawyers - Generation Y, http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/national_young_lawyers/the_buzz_is_on_the_new_lawyers_generation_y.html
One of the readers sent this to me, about Y Generation;
People born before 1946 were called The Silent generation.
People born between 1946 and 1959 are called The Baby Boomers.
People born between 1960 and 1979 are called Generation X,
And people born between 1980 and 2010 are called Generation Y
Why do we call the last group Generation Y?
I always thought it was because they say.... you know;
Y should I get a job?
Y should I leave home and find my own place?
Y should I get a car when I can borrow yours?
Y should I clean my room?
Y should I wash and iron my own clothes?
Y should I buy any food?
Why?
Generation Y
Generation Y, also known as the Millennial Generation (or Millennials),[1][2] Generation Next,[3] Net Generation,[4] Echo Boomers,[5] describes the demographic cohort following Generation X. As there are no precise dates for when the Millennial generation starts and ends, commentators have used birth dates ranging somewhere from the mid-1970s[6] to the early 2000s.[7] Members of this generation are called Echo Boomers, due to the significant increase in birth rates through the 1980s and into the 1990s, and because many of them are children of baby boomers.[8][9][10][11] The 20th century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued,[12][13] however, so the relative impact of the "baby boom echo" was generally less pronounced than the original boom.
Characteristics of the generation vary by region, depending on social and economic conditions. However, it is generally marked by an increased use and familiarity with communications, media, and digital technologies. In most parts of the world its upbringing was marked by an increase in a neoliberal approach to politics and economics.[14] The effects of this environment are disputed.
The Millennial Generation (or Gen Y), like other generations, has been shaped by the events, leaders, developments and trends of its time.[54] The rise of instant communication technologies made possible through use of the internet, such as email, texting, and IM and new media used through websites like YouTube and social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, may explain the Millennials' reputation for being somewhat peer-oriented due to easier facilitation of communication through technology.[55]
Expression and acceptance has been highly important to this generation. In China, with a total population of a billion people, the urge to stand out and be individualistic has become a staple of the Chinese youth culture.[56] Elsewhere, mainly in more well-developed nations, several cohorts of Generation Y members have found comfort in online games such as MMORPGs and virtual worlds like World of Warcraft and Second Life.[57] Flash mobbing, internet meme, and online communities have given some of the more expressive Generation Y members acceptance, while online pen pals have given the more socially timid individuals acceptance as well.[58]
[edit] Digital technology
In their 2007 book, authors Junco and Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of Howe and Strauss to include research-based information about the personality profiles of Millennials, especially as it relates to higher education. They conducted a large-sample (7,705) research study of college students. They found that Next Generation college students, born between 1982–2003, were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations. In their survey, they found that 97% of these students owned a computer, 94% owned a cell phone, and 56% owned a MP3 player. They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics. Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76% of students used instant messaging, 92% of those reported multitasking while IMing, 40% of them used television to get most of their news, with 15% watched The Daily Show and 5% The Colbert Report, and 34% of students surveyed used the Internet.[59][60]
In June 2009, Nielsen released the report, "How Teens Use Media" which discussed the latest data on media usage by generation. In this report, Nielsen set out to redefine the dialogue around media usage by the youngest of Generation Y, extending through working age Generation Y and compared to Generation X and Baby Boomers.[61]
The Millennials grew up amid a time during which the Internet caused great change to all traditional media. Shawn Fanning, considered by some sources a Generation Y member, founded the peer-to-peer file sharing service Napster while in college. Though the RIAA won a lawsuit and shut down the service in 2001, innovations in technology mean the Millennials have access to more media on demand than any previous generation and have forced the media industry to adapt to new business models. As a result music has become more independently generated due to the rise of the MP3 format, as well as other changes in the way people access music.[62][63] This has also led to fewer artists gaining the degree of popularity observed in past decades, and music trends have become less uniform.
Literature and pop culture of the 1990s and 2000s popular with Gen Y include Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Pokémon, Goosebumps (childhood),[64] and The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. Many of the latter half of generation Y also enjoy the Harry Potter series of books and films.
Some have argued that the Millennials have "moved beyond" the ideological battles spawned by the counterculture of the 1960s, which persisted through the 1990s in the form of the culture wars.[65] This is further documented in Strauss & Howe's book titled Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, which describes the Millennial generation as "civic minded," rejecting the attitudes of the Baby Boomers and Generation X.[66]
(source: wikipedia)
Generation Y in China
In China, some Generation Y is part of generation called "The Post-80s" (八零后) is a colloquial term which refers to the generation whose members were born between 1980 to 1989 in Mainland China after the introduction of the One-child policy.The Post-90s (九零后) means people born between the years 1990 to 1999 in urban areas. They are usually concerted to brain-disabled characters and non-mainstream culture. The early part of this generation, at least, is often classed as a part of China's Generation Y along with 80s-born.It is a generation of approximately 240 million people born between 1980 and 1990, although characteristics of the after-eighty generation have also been seen in those born in the 1990s. Growing up in modern China, this generation has been characterized by its optimism for the future, newfound excitement for consumerism, entrepreneurship, and acceptance of its historic role in transforming modern China into an economic superpower.
Politically this is the time bomb for China, the Y generation of urban and rural areas; more potentially explosive are the Generation Y of the rural areas, as compare to their counterparts in urban areas, they have lost and not enjoy what the urban enjoy, the economic sweeties. But they all are highly exposed to internet technology despite their controlled internet environment.
Y Generation in Taiwan
Strawberry generation (草莓族), is a Chinese language neologism for Taiwanese people born between 1981 and 1991 who "bruise easily" like strawberries -- meaning they can't withstand social pressure or work hard like their parents' generation; the term refers to people who are insubordinate,[3] spoiled, selfish, arrogant, and sluggish in work.[4] Persons from this generation have grown up being overprotected by their parents and in an environment of economic prosperity, in a similar manner to how strawberries are grown in protected greenhouses and command a higher price compared to other fruits.
But they are not soft strawberry when fighting for their right....
Chractristic of Generation Y from article by Sally Kane, About.com Guide:
1. Tech-Savvy: Generation Y grew up with technology and rely on it to perform their jobs better. Armed with BlackBerrys, laptops, cellphones and other gadgets, Generation Y is plugged-in 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This generation prefers to communicate through e-mail and text messaging rather than face-to-face contact and prefers webinars and online technology to traditional lecture-based presentations.
2. Family-Centric: The fast-track has lost much of its appeal for Generation Y who is willing to trade high pay for fewer billable hours, flexible schedules and a better work/life balance. While older generations may view this attitude as narcissistic or lacking commitment, discipline and drive, Generation Y legal professionals have a different vision of workplace expectations and prioritize family over work.
3. Achievement-Oriented: Nurtured and pampered by parents who did not want to make the mistakes of the previous generation, Generation Y is confident, ambitious and achievement-oriented. They have high expectations of their employers, seek out new challenges and are not afraid to question authority. Generation Y wants meaningful work and a solid learning curve.
4. Team-Oriented: As children, Generation Y participated in team sports, play groups and other group activities. They value teamwork and seek the input and affirmation of others. Part of a no-person-left-behind generation, Generation Y is loyal, committed and wants to be included and involved.
5. Attention-Craving: Generation Y craves attention in the forms of feedback and guidance. They appreciate being kept in the loop and seek frequent praise and reassurance. Generation Y may benefit greatly from mentors who can help guide and develop their young careers.
(source: http://legalcareers.about.com/od/practicetips/a/GenerationY.htm)
Generation Y, is it just a marketing segment? or segment for population survey? The segment is the core segment for marketing professionals. Generation Y is making news lately, in global politic, in Middle East....they are no longer a marketing segment...they now have political ambitions.
I know they are different, they are IT generation, the generation that use IT Technology to make changes, they use facebook to start the recent Tunisia & Egypt uprising, they communicate fast....the uprising of Generation Y?.....they are going to compete with Generation X in global politic as significant force, they are going to voice up strong in countries with dictatorship(many are baby boomers). They will question the ruling dictators, why you did not give me my personal freedom, why you did not respect my basic human right, why this, why that, as they are generation Y(Why?)...
They are the same, all over the world; with the Internet technology and communication access they are evolved from their popular culture; they may be blurred in race identity, national identity, religion identity, but identify with group norm of their social media group. They are borderless...But they are slowly open up to politic, to fight for information freedom, democracy to use social media, and basic human right to live as individual with liberty environment. The internet technology will open up their mind, see in the global perspective, less extreme in ideology, more green environmentally, more social concern,.......and more politic awareness...
May be all the global political leaders should read books on how to manage Generation Y, instead of banning internet, facebook, youtube, or even using military force to stop the uprising....better read the book before it is too late....to continue to be dictator, you need to understand the psychology of Generation Y. Otherwise you need to open up and give back their freedom and democracy to the Generation Y.
.....they are going to make greater impact on the world.....Generation Y......and they are going to be the national leaders one day...
Related articles
1.Generation Y, http://legalcareers.about.com/od/practicetips/a/GenerationY.htm
2. Generation Y, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Y
3. Malaysia's Gen Y unplugged, http://www.pwc.com/en_MY/my/assets/publications/gen-y.pdf
4. What Gen Y Really Wants, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1640395,00.html
5. The Buzz is on the new lawyers - Generation Y, http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/national_young_lawyers/the_buzz_is_on_the_new_lawyers_generation_y.html
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
The richest man in the world - Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak
London, Feb 8(ANI): Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is likely the richest man in the world with an estimated fortune worth about 70 billion dollars.
According to the Guardian, Mubarak has money stashed in several Swiss and other foreign bank accounts, and has shadowy real-estate holdings in Manhattan, London and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills.
The 70 billion dollars would put the 82-year-old comfortably ahead of Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim Helu, who is worth about 53.5 billion dollars, and Microsoft founder Bill Gates, the richest American with 53 billion dollars.
(source: http://in.news.yahoo.com/hosni-mubarak-richest-man-world-estimated-70-billion-20110208-012327-409.html & http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/04/hosni-mubarak-family-fortune#history-link-box)
How did this man, a politician acquired his assets? Mubarak was appointed Vice President in 1975, and assumed the Presidency on October 14, 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. He is the longest-serving Egyptian ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Now he is facing political crisis in Egypt.
Forbes list of billionaires
Forbes list of billionaires is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assetts compiled and published by Forbes magazine on March 10, 2010. The following list is Forbes ranking of an assessment of the wealth and assets of the world's billionaires as of February 12, 2010, and does not reflect changes since then. There are 1,011 names in this year’s list. United States currently has the most billionaires amongst the world's top 10 but India is expected to soon overtake the United States to gain more billionaires among the world’s top 10 than any other country.
The top 5 are:
1. Carlos Slim HelúCarlos Slim Helú and family, $53.5 billion increase, age 70, from Mexico
2. William Henry Gates III,$53.0 billion increase, age 54, from United States
3. Warren Buffett, $47.0 billion increase,age 80,from United States
4. Mukesh Ambani,$29.0 billion increase, age 53, from India
5. Lakshmi Mittal ,$28.7 billion increase, age 60, from India
For other names in the list, please refer to http://www.theworldsrichest.com/ & http://billionaires.forbes.com/
This list of non-Forbes billionaires
This list of non-Forbes billionaires is a list of those persons who have not been included offically in Forbes magazine's annual World's Billionaires list but have nonetheless been cited as billionaires (or people with a net worth of more than one billion USD) by various other credible sources. This list is neither exclusive nor exhaustive.
Name – Occupation – Country – Estimated net-worth (in USD)
1. Hosni Mubarak – Politician – Egypt – $70 billion [1][2]
2. Vladimir Putin – Politician – Russia – $40 billion [3][4][5][6]
3. Lai Changxing – Businessman – China – $10 biliion [7]
4. Hasan Ali Khan – Businessman – India – $9 billion [8][9][10]
5. Prince' Dr. Musa Bin Shamsher – Businessman (arms-dealer) – Bangladesh – $7 billion [11][12]
6. Massud Barzani – Politician – Iraq Kurdistan – $2 billion [13]
7. Asif Ali Zardari – Politician – Pakistan – $1.8 billion [14][15]
8. Madhu Koda – Politician – India – $1 billion [16][17][18]
9. Adnan Khashoggi – Businessman (arms-dealer) – Saudi Arabia – $1 billion [19][20][21]
10. Dawood Ibrahim – Crime-boss – India – $1 billion [22]
11. Semion Mogilevich – Crime-boss – Russia – $1 billion [23]
12. Sonja Zuckerman – Real Estate and Finance – Egypt – $2.9 billion
(source: wikipedia)
After all, Egypt's President is the richest man in the world, as listed by some sources.
Sources:
1. Forbes list of billionaires, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_billionaires
2. List of non-Forbes billionaires,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-Forbes_billionaires
3. Hosni Mubarak richest man in world with estimated 70 billion dollar fortune: Report, http://in.news.yahoo.com/hosni-mubarak-richest-man-world-estimated-70-billion-20110208-012327-409.html
4. Mubarak family fortune could reach $70bn, say experts, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/04/hosni-mubarak-family-fortune#history-link-box
5. Mubarak's wealth could reach 70bn ,http://www.presstv.ir/detail/163881.html
According to the Guardian, Mubarak has money stashed in several Swiss and other foreign bank accounts, and has shadowy real-estate holdings in Manhattan, London and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills.
The 70 billion dollars would put the 82-year-old comfortably ahead of Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim Helu, who is worth about 53.5 billion dollars, and Microsoft founder Bill Gates, the richest American with 53 billion dollars.
(source: http://in.news.yahoo.com/hosni-mubarak-richest-man-world-estimated-70-billion-20110208-012327-409.html & http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/04/hosni-mubarak-family-fortune#history-link-box)
How did this man, a politician acquired his assets? Mubarak was appointed Vice President in 1975, and assumed the Presidency on October 14, 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. He is the longest-serving Egyptian ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Now he is facing political crisis in Egypt.
Forbes list of billionaires
Forbes list of billionaires is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assetts compiled and published by Forbes magazine on March 10, 2010. The following list is Forbes ranking of an assessment of the wealth and assets of the world's billionaires as of February 12, 2010, and does not reflect changes since then. There are 1,011 names in this year’s list. United States currently has the most billionaires amongst the world's top 10 but India is expected to soon overtake the United States to gain more billionaires among the world’s top 10 than any other country.
The top 5 are:
1. Carlos Slim HelúCarlos Slim Helú and family, $53.5 billion increase, age 70, from Mexico
2. William Henry Gates III,$53.0 billion increase, age 54, from United States
3. Warren Buffett, $47.0 billion increase,age 80,from United States
4. Mukesh Ambani,$29.0 billion increase, age 53, from India
5. Lakshmi Mittal ,$28.7 billion increase, age 60, from India
For other names in the list, please refer to http://www.theworldsrichest.com/ & http://billionaires.forbes.com/
This list of non-Forbes billionaires
This list of non-Forbes billionaires is a list of those persons who have not been included offically in Forbes magazine's annual World's Billionaires list but have nonetheless been cited as billionaires (or people with a net worth of more than one billion USD) by various other credible sources. This list is neither exclusive nor exhaustive.
Name – Occupation – Country – Estimated net-worth (in USD)
1. Hosni Mubarak – Politician – Egypt – $70 billion [1][2]
2. Vladimir Putin – Politician – Russia – $40 billion [3][4][5][6]
3. Lai Changxing – Businessman – China – $10 biliion [7]
4. Hasan Ali Khan – Businessman – India – $9 billion [8][9][10]
5. Prince' Dr. Musa Bin Shamsher – Businessman (arms-dealer) – Bangladesh – $7 billion [11][12]
6. Massud Barzani – Politician – Iraq Kurdistan – $2 billion [13]
7. Asif Ali Zardari – Politician – Pakistan – $1.8 billion [14][15]
8. Madhu Koda – Politician – India – $1 billion [16][17][18]
9. Adnan Khashoggi – Businessman (arms-dealer) – Saudi Arabia – $1 billion [19][20][21]
10. Dawood Ibrahim – Crime-boss – India – $1 billion [22]
11. Semion Mogilevich – Crime-boss – Russia – $1 billion [23]
12. Sonja Zuckerman – Real Estate and Finance – Egypt – $2.9 billion
(source: wikipedia)
After all, Egypt's President is the richest man in the world, as listed by some sources.
Sources:
1. Forbes list of billionaires, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_billionaires
2. List of non-Forbes billionaires,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-Forbes_billionaires
3. Hosni Mubarak richest man in world with estimated 70 billion dollar fortune: Report, http://in.news.yahoo.com/hosni-mubarak-richest-man-world-estimated-70-billion-20110208-012327-409.html
4. Mubarak family fortune could reach $70bn, say experts, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/04/hosni-mubarak-family-fortune#history-link-box
5. Mubarak's wealth could reach 70bn ,http://www.presstv.ir/detail/163881.html
Thursday, January 27, 2011
Michael Chang - French Open Champion 1989
Talking about tennis, still remember Michael Chang from USA, who won the French Open in 1989. Still remember the match? The famous match with World No. 1, reigning Australian Open champion, and three-time former French Open champion Ivan Lendl.
Michael Te-Pei Chang (張德培); born February 22, 1972, in Hoboken, New Jersey) is a former American professional tennis player. He is best remembered for becoming the youngest-ever male player to win a Grand Slam singles title when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.
Known for his on-court speed and fighting spirit, Chang is considered by many observers to have been one of the best tennis counterpunchers of all time. He remained in the Top 10 of the ATP world rankings for several years in the 1990s, peaking at World No. 2.
Chang was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2008
(source: wikipedia)
Michawl Chang is a devout Christian, Chang's faith was first brought to the spotlight after his 1989 French Open championship, when upon winning, declared "I thank the Lord Jesus Christ, because without Him, I am nothing." He attended Biola University in La Mirada, California for 1.5 years for a Masters in Ministry to increase his personal Bible knowledge. He serves on the Biola University Board of Trustees
Chang and his family established the Chang Family Foundation(CFF) in 1999 to evangelize Christianity. The Foundation is now based in Rancho Santa Margarita, California.http://www.mchang.com/cff/news.html
The Michael Chang Mission Hills Tennis Academy (which has 50 courts) opened in 2008 in Shenzhen, where Michael Chang aims to nurture young Chinese players in a bid to bring the level of Chinese tennis up to the international standard. He intends to contribute his experience accumulated from playing in world tournaments to the development of tennis in China. Chang is very popular in China, where he is better known by his Mandarin name Zhang Depei(張德培). Chang, who retired in 2002, has worked as a coach with Peng Shuai in 2007. Peng Shuai is a Chinese professional female tennis player. She won a gold medal at the 2010 Asian Games.
By the way, Chang married Amber Liu(劉安寶), another professional tennis player who is 12 years younger than Chang. A baby girl, Lani Chang was born on 9th December 2010, just before Christmas. Congratulation.
If you want to know more about him and his work after retirement from tennis, please visit his foundation's web site http://www.mchang.com/cff/news.html. He is now actively involved in religion work and spreading Christianity through sport.
Related websites:
1. http://www.mchang.com/
Michael Te-Pei Chang (張德培); born February 22, 1972, in Hoboken, New Jersey) is a former American professional tennis player. He is best remembered for becoming the youngest-ever male player to win a Grand Slam singles title when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.
Known for his on-court speed and fighting spirit, Chang is considered by many observers to have been one of the best tennis counterpunchers of all time. He remained in the Top 10 of the ATP world rankings for several years in the 1990s, peaking at World No. 2.
Chang was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2008
(source: wikipedia)
Michawl Chang is a devout Christian, Chang's faith was first brought to the spotlight after his 1989 French Open championship, when upon winning, declared "I thank the Lord Jesus Christ, because without Him, I am nothing." He attended Biola University in La Mirada, California for 1.5 years for a Masters in Ministry to increase his personal Bible knowledge. He serves on the Biola University Board of Trustees
Chang and his family established the Chang Family Foundation(CFF) in 1999 to evangelize Christianity. The Foundation is now based in Rancho Santa Margarita, California.http://www.mchang.com/cff/news.html
The Michael Chang Mission Hills Tennis Academy (which has 50 courts) opened in 2008 in Shenzhen, where Michael Chang aims to nurture young Chinese players in a bid to bring the level of Chinese tennis up to the international standard. He intends to contribute his experience accumulated from playing in world tournaments to the development of tennis in China. Chang is very popular in China, where he is better known by his Mandarin name Zhang Depei(張德培). Chang, who retired in 2002, has worked as a coach with Peng Shuai in 2007. Peng Shuai is a Chinese professional female tennis player. She won a gold medal at the 2010 Asian Games.
By the way, Chang married Amber Liu(劉安寶), another professional tennis player who is 12 years younger than Chang. A baby girl, Lani Chang was born on 9th December 2010, just before Christmas. Congratulation.
If you want to know more about him and his work after retirement from tennis, please visit his foundation's web site http://www.mchang.com/cff/news.html. He is now actively involved in religion work and spreading Christianity through sport.
Related websites:
1. http://www.mchang.com/
Tuesday, August 24, 2010
Dr. Pornthip Rojanasunan - The most trusted Siamese
Thailand
Do you know who Thai trusted the most? Conducted in October 2009, the survey found Dr. Pornthip Rojanasunan(พรทิพย์ โรจนสุนันท์)to be the most trusted individual in all of Thailand while Doctors were the most trusted group.
Most Trusted Individuals: This survey found that out of 80 individuals Thailand's renowned forensic pathologist and director of the Forensic Science Institute, Dr. Pornthip Rojanasunan was ranked as the most trusted individual of the year. She was followed by Phra Ajarn Alongkot Dikkapanyo, the head monk at the famous Buddhist AIDS temple, Wat Phra Baht Nam Phu, Dr. Sumet Tantivechakul, secretary general of the Chaipattana Foundation, Phra Promkunaporn (Prayut Payutto) acclaimed spiritual leader and winner of an UNESCO Prize for Peace Education, and Phanya Nirunkul media tycoon who was the fifth most trusted individual.
The rest of the top ten were film director Prince Chatrichalerm Yukol (6), leading banker Banthoon Lamsam (7), social workers Nuannoi Timkul (8) and Suthasinee Noiin (9), and renowned marine environmentalist Dr. Torn Thamrongnawasawat (10).
People trust those who do good deeds for society: The majority of this survey's top 10 most trusted individuals were people who worked in non-profit organizations and dedicated themselves to helping others. Some of the respondents pointed out that, Dr Pornthip Rojanasunan has worked “dedicatedly and fearlessly to bring justice to our society”. When it comes to trust, politicians are the lowest: According to the survey, politics was seen as the least trusted occupation, followed by Psychic or Astrologer and Insurance Agent. The survey also found that Thai respondents trusted security guards more than they trusted law enforcers.
(extracted from http://www.lifestyleasia.com/articles/culture_4/readers-digest-trust-survey_4336.htm)
The following from youtube are film on Dr Pornthip by National Geographic Channel:
Now we know why she was chosen as the most trusted person in Thailand.
The Thai people considered Dr Pornthip as their most trusted Siamese in Thailand. Recently she was in Malaysia to testify and provide her professional view at the inquest of Selangor political officer Teoh Beng Hock case.
Dr Pornthip has gained the respect of many Malaysian; whatever the case outcome, she will be voted high if a survey is to take place in Malaysia for her....She has the spirit and courage to be difference based on her professional ethic to speak the truth. She said "You have to understand. I work for the rights of the dead,....My objective is to help the dead". For the dead cannot speak for themselves. That is the duty of forensic professional.
The most trusted person in Thailand, with high professional ethic and sense of duty to her profession. That is professional trust, professionalism or integrity.....which is missing in many profession today.....
Related articles
1. http://www.lifestyleasia.com/articles/culture_4/readers-digest-trust-survey_4336.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornthip_Rojanasunand
3. Teoh Beng Hock, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock
4. Dr Pornthip leaves for home, Teoh's lawyers shift focus to 'note', http://groups.yahoo.com/group/beritamalaysia/message/114364
5. My earlier blog dated Thursday, October 22, 2009,Dr Pornthip Rojanasunand(พรทิพย์ โรจนสุนันท์)
Do you know who Thai trusted the most? Conducted in October 2009, the survey found Dr. Pornthip Rojanasunan(พรทิพย์ โรจนสุนันท์)to be the most trusted individual in all of Thailand while Doctors were the most trusted group.
Most Trusted Individuals: This survey found that out of 80 individuals Thailand's renowned forensic pathologist and director of the Forensic Science Institute, Dr. Pornthip Rojanasunan was ranked as the most trusted individual of the year. She was followed by Phra Ajarn Alongkot Dikkapanyo, the head monk at the famous Buddhist AIDS temple, Wat Phra Baht Nam Phu, Dr. Sumet Tantivechakul, secretary general of the Chaipattana Foundation, Phra Promkunaporn (Prayut Payutto) acclaimed spiritual leader and winner of an UNESCO Prize for Peace Education, and Phanya Nirunkul media tycoon who was the fifth most trusted individual.
The rest of the top ten were film director Prince Chatrichalerm Yukol (6), leading banker Banthoon Lamsam (7), social workers Nuannoi Timkul (8) and Suthasinee Noiin (9), and renowned marine environmentalist Dr. Torn Thamrongnawasawat (10).
People trust those who do good deeds for society: The majority of this survey's top 10 most trusted individuals were people who worked in non-profit organizations and dedicated themselves to helping others. Some of the respondents pointed out that, Dr Pornthip Rojanasunan has worked “dedicatedly and fearlessly to bring justice to our society”. When it comes to trust, politicians are the lowest: According to the survey, politics was seen as the least trusted occupation, followed by Psychic or Astrologer and Insurance Agent. The survey also found that Thai respondents trusted security guards more than they trusted law enforcers.
(extracted from http://www.lifestyleasia.com/articles/culture_4/readers-digest-trust-survey_4336.htm)
The following from youtube are film on Dr Pornthip by National Geographic Channel:
Now we know why she was chosen as the most trusted person in Thailand.
The Thai people considered Dr Pornthip as their most trusted Siamese in Thailand. Recently she was in Malaysia to testify and provide her professional view at the inquest of Selangor political officer Teoh Beng Hock case.
Dr Pornthip has gained the respect of many Malaysian; whatever the case outcome, she will be voted high if a survey is to take place in Malaysia for her....She has the spirit and courage to be difference based on her professional ethic to speak the truth. She said "You have to understand. I work for the rights of the dead,....My objective is to help the dead". For the dead cannot speak for themselves. That is the duty of forensic professional.
The most trusted person in Thailand, with high professional ethic and sense of duty to her profession. That is professional trust, professionalism or integrity.....which is missing in many profession today.....
Related articles
1. http://www.lifestyleasia.com/articles/culture_4/readers-digest-trust-survey_4336.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornthip_Rojanasunand
3. Teoh Beng Hock, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock
4. Dr Pornthip leaves for home, Teoh's lawyers shift focus to 'note', http://groups.yahoo.com/group/beritamalaysia/message/114364
5. My earlier blog dated Thursday, October 22, 2009,Dr Pornthip Rojanasunand(พรทิพย์ โรจนสุนันท์)
Friday, August 20, 2010
Jamaluddin Ibrahim & National Day
This is an interesting interview of a Mandarin speaking Malay by a Mandarin speaking Malay reporter in Malaysia. It was from the Star online, during the Chinese new year sometime ago. It was a beautiful interview, where three languages of Mandarin, Malay and English were used. Suddenly I feel like sensing something familiar. The reporter's pronunciation is beautiful, like a typical Malaysian Chinese. The interviewee's English is also like a local Chinese speaking English.
I suddenly remember Kelantan, where a large population of Malay are in Chinese school, and majority of the local Chinese speak Kelantanese Malay like a typical Kelantan Malay.
I remember Kedah, I remember the common people where they can speak beautiful Malay. I also remember the Pasar Malay spoken by people of different background. I also remember a Penang Malay speak Hockkien. An Indian in Ipoh speak Cantonese, and a Chinese classmate from estate, who can speak Tamil. Oh, what a beautiful life in the ordinary people.
I remember P Ramli......
Our National Day is coming on 31-8-2010, the interview will give us some time to wonder, and ponder.... is it the time for One Malaysian, One Malaysia....of diversity or commonality?
Why when we are oversea, our feeling of Malaysianess is greater than we are in the country?...that is the question we need to ask, is the environment rich enough to nourish our spirit of nationalism?. Then, why the foreign environment?...
Look at the way we fly our national flags, the old torn down Malaysian flags all over the country, even in some government offices, old dirty national flags....the total lacking of the appreciation of symbolic nationalism, our national flag. Do we know the meaning of nationalism, and the national flag, despite many official campaign to fly national flags.....the lacking of discipline? or cultural "tidak apa" culture?...
Are we proud of the achievement of our Malaysian oversea, regardless the racial background?......and ponder why they can do well oversea, is it the free, liberty environment for them to excel? ...
What is our barrier? official policies? private prejudice / misperception? .... When will we walk out from the cocoon, and be a beautiful butterfly that fly high in the sky, happily and proudly.....as a confident Malaysian.
We are Malaysian, regardless of race, religion, class, language.....
Merdeka, merdeka, mederka..... another 31st August, and we are now 53 years old, an old nation, but ......with the mentality of new nation over the teething problems....lack of maturity to face the challenges ahead?....
What we had done for the past 50 years and more?.....do we have the criteria to become a great nation, a developed nation, a cultural nation?
Are we coming back to the beginning after more than 50 years? ...... some even forgot about the nation building history.....your history, our history, amend history or no history?....
Now , I remember the promise of the nation building when I was young 50 years ago.....and now I am an old Malaysian.....looking back, more than 50 years, the school days, I wonder why there must be such thing as politic. Otherwise we are still watching P Ramli show in the coffee shop and having laughter in our heart.......ya, we have lost something, something is missing.....
I have a dream, like Martin Luther King, may not be the same dream; but a dream for a better days, the same day on 31st August.....a dream for a greater, freer, better national environment....
But better keep to myself.....Happy Birthday....
I suddenly remember Kelantan, where a large population of Malay are in Chinese school, and majority of the local Chinese speak Kelantanese Malay like a typical Kelantan Malay.
I remember Kedah, I remember the common people where they can speak beautiful Malay. I also remember the Pasar Malay spoken by people of different background. I also remember a Penang Malay speak Hockkien. An Indian in Ipoh speak Cantonese, and a Chinese classmate from estate, who can speak Tamil. Oh, what a beautiful life in the ordinary people.
I remember P Ramli......
Our National Day is coming on 31-8-2010, the interview will give us some time to wonder, and ponder.... is it the time for One Malaysian, One Malaysia....of diversity or commonality?
Why when we are oversea, our feeling of Malaysianess is greater than we are in the country?...that is the question we need to ask, is the environment rich enough to nourish our spirit of nationalism?. Then, why the foreign environment?...
Look at the way we fly our national flags, the old torn down Malaysian flags all over the country, even in some government offices, old dirty national flags....the total lacking of the appreciation of symbolic nationalism, our national flag. Do we know the meaning of nationalism, and the national flag, despite many official campaign to fly national flags.....the lacking of discipline? or cultural "tidak apa" culture?...
Are we proud of the achievement of our Malaysian oversea, regardless the racial background?......and ponder why they can do well oversea, is it the free, liberty environment for them to excel? ...
What is our barrier? official policies? private prejudice / misperception? .... When will we walk out from the cocoon, and be a beautiful butterfly that fly high in the sky, happily and proudly.....as a confident Malaysian.
We are Malaysian, regardless of race, religion, class, language.....
Merdeka, merdeka, mederka..... another 31st August, and we are now 53 years old, an old nation, but ......with the mentality of new nation over the teething problems....lack of maturity to face the challenges ahead?....
What we had done for the past 50 years and more?.....do we have the criteria to become a great nation, a developed nation, a cultural nation?
Are we coming back to the beginning after more than 50 years? ...... some even forgot about the nation building history.....your history, our history, amend history or no history?....
Now , I remember the promise of the nation building when I was young 50 years ago.....and now I am an old Malaysian.....looking back, more than 50 years, the school days, I wonder why there must be such thing as politic. Otherwise we are still watching P Ramli show in the coffee shop and having laughter in our heart.......ya, we have lost something, something is missing.....
I have a dream, like Martin Luther King, may not be the same dream; but a dream for a better days, the same day on 31st August.....a dream for a greater, freer, better national environment....
But better keep to myself.....Happy Birthday....
Thursday, July 15, 2010
Teochew people(潮州人)
The Chaozhou Han or Chaozhou people (commonly known as Teochew Nang) are Han people who are native to the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong province of China and speak the Teochew dialect. The Teochew diaspora can be found almost anywhere in the world, especially Southeast Asia, North America, Australasia and France. The diaspora, at least estimated, contains over 10 million people, which is as much as the population of Chaoshan itself. They speak a language closely related to Hokkien, and their Teochew cuisine is distinctive. The ancestors of the Teochew people moved to present-day Chaoshan from the Central Plains of China in order to escape from a series of civil wars during the Jin Dynasty.
Teochew Nang(潮州人)
Historically, these people were called Helao or Fulao, as they came mostly from Henan and Shanxi via Fujian, with well-maintained language and customs from north-central China. As was recorded in pedigrees and ancient inscriptions, these people who had originally migrated to southern Fujian, especially from Quanzhou and Putian, made settlements toward Chaoshan in batches and soon spread all over the Chaoshan area. Geographic isolation and difficulty in traveling in the past made the Helao or Fulao become a relatively closed population. Recently, studies of genetic analysis supported that although all Han Chinese are indeed related and share a common root, the Teochew had closest links with the Minnan area of Fujian province and those from the Taihang Mountain range of north-central China.
They are known to Cantonese speakers as "Hoklo", which means “men from the Hok province i.e. Fujian province”, although the term “Teochew” is applied to them in the Strait Settlements(British Malaya) in the 19th century and early 20th century. "Teochew" is derived from Teochew Prefecture (Chaozhou Fu, 潮州府) the departmental city where they originate. In Mandarin, it should be Chaozhou(潮州).
In ancient times, all the 8 counties (Chaoan 潮安、Chenghai 澄海、Chaoyang 潮阳、Jieyang 揭阳、Raoping 饶平、Puning 普宁、Huilai 惠来、Nanao 南澳 ) were under Chaozhou Prefecture 潮州府. So people from these counties are known as Chaozhou ren 潮州人.
Chaoshan ren(潮汕人)
Initially only Shantou people is called Swatoa nang(汕头人), Chaozhou people is called Chaozhou Ren or Teochew Nang, at that time the name included all Teochew people.
After Shantou 汕头 (formerly under Chenghai County) became a prefecture-level city, people began to use the word "Chaoshan ren" to replace "Chaozhou ren". This is why Teochew in China use "Chaoshan 潮汕" while Teochew in overseas use "Chaozhou 潮州".
Now, even Chaoyang(潮阳)also politically under Shantou, and now call Chaonan; Chaoyang Nang also become Chaoshan Nang. Chaoyang people naturally is not happy over the broader definition of Chaoshan ren (潮汕人). Because Chaoyang ren(潮阳人) are Chaozhou ren(潮州人), not Chaoshan ren (潮汕人) !.
A narrow definition of Teochew or Chaozhou, now restricted only to people under Chaozhou county; broader defination included all formerlly or historically called Teochew Nang as oversea Chinese called for people from all the 8 counties (Chaoan 潮安、Chenghai 澄海、Chaoyang 潮阳、Jieyang 揭阳、Raoping 饶平、Puning 普宁、Huilai 惠来、Nanao 南澳 ) were under Chaozhou Prefecture 潮州府, including Shantou 汕头.
Chaoshan(潮汕) is name for political administration for a region, including Shantou and Chaozhou. It is not the name of people or language. It is wrong to call Chaoshan ren(潮汕人). Any attempt is with political motive to let Shantou overtake Chaozhou, not only politically but also culturally.
Chaozhou will always be the cultural capital of Teochew people, and the mother of Teochew culture. Shantou is just a port, a commercial city; it is not the mother land for Teochew culture.
Teochew Nang is not Chaoshan ren(潮汕人), but all Chaoshan ren(潮汕人)is Teochew Nang or Chaozhou Ren; in China or oversea....
We are always Teochew Nang or Chaozhou Ren, wherever we are; in China, in Taiwan, in Hong Kong, in Thailand, in Cambodia, in Singapore and all over the world. Let not political division divided us. Even you are from Shantou, you are still Teochew Nang.
We are all Teochew Nang((潮州人)!.
Wah Shi Teochew Nang.....
Teochew Nang(潮州人)
Historically, these people were called Helao or Fulao, as they came mostly from Henan and Shanxi via Fujian, with well-maintained language and customs from north-central China. As was recorded in pedigrees and ancient inscriptions, these people who had originally migrated to southern Fujian, especially from Quanzhou and Putian, made settlements toward Chaoshan in batches and soon spread all over the Chaoshan area. Geographic isolation and difficulty in traveling in the past made the Helao or Fulao become a relatively closed population. Recently, studies of genetic analysis supported that although all Han Chinese are indeed related and share a common root, the Teochew had closest links with the Minnan area of Fujian province and those from the Taihang Mountain range of north-central China.
They are known to Cantonese speakers as "Hoklo", which means “men from the Hok province i.e. Fujian province”, although the term “Teochew” is applied to them in the Strait Settlements(British Malaya) in the 19th century and early 20th century. "Teochew" is derived from Teochew Prefecture (Chaozhou Fu, 潮州府) the departmental city where they originate. In Mandarin, it should be Chaozhou(潮州).
In ancient times, all the 8 counties (Chaoan 潮安、Chenghai 澄海、Chaoyang 潮阳、Jieyang 揭阳、Raoping 饶平、Puning 普宁、Huilai 惠来、Nanao 南澳 ) were under Chaozhou Prefecture 潮州府. So people from these counties are known as Chaozhou ren 潮州人.
Chaoshan ren(潮汕人)
Initially only Shantou people is called Swatoa nang(汕头人), Chaozhou people is called Chaozhou Ren or Teochew Nang, at that time the name included all Teochew people.
After Shantou 汕头 (formerly under Chenghai County) became a prefecture-level city, people began to use the word "Chaoshan ren" to replace "Chaozhou ren". This is why Teochew in China use "Chaoshan 潮汕" while Teochew in overseas use "Chaozhou 潮州".
Now, even Chaoyang(潮阳)also politically under Shantou, and now call Chaonan; Chaoyang Nang also become Chaoshan Nang. Chaoyang people naturally is not happy over the broader definition of Chaoshan ren (潮汕人). Because Chaoyang ren(潮阳人) are Chaozhou ren(潮州人), not Chaoshan ren (潮汕人) !.
A narrow definition of Teochew or Chaozhou, now restricted only to people under Chaozhou county; broader defination included all formerlly or historically called Teochew Nang as oversea Chinese called for people from all the 8 counties (Chaoan 潮安、Chenghai 澄海、Chaoyang 潮阳、Jieyang 揭阳、Raoping 饶平、Puning 普宁、Huilai 惠来、Nanao 南澳 ) were under Chaozhou Prefecture 潮州府, including Shantou 汕头.
Chaoshan(潮汕) is name for political administration for a region, including Shantou and Chaozhou. It is not the name of people or language. It is wrong to call Chaoshan ren(潮汕人). Any attempt is with political motive to let Shantou overtake Chaozhou, not only politically but also culturally.
Chaozhou will always be the cultural capital of Teochew people, and the mother of Teochew culture. Shantou is just a port, a commercial city; it is not the mother land for Teochew culture.
Teochew Nang is not Chaoshan ren(潮汕人), but all Chaoshan ren(潮汕人)is Teochew Nang or Chaozhou Ren; in China or oversea....
We are always Teochew Nang or Chaozhou Ren, wherever we are; in China, in Taiwan, in Hong Kong, in Thailand, in Cambodia, in Singapore and all over the world. Let not political division divided us. Even you are from Shantou, you are still Teochew Nang.
We are all Teochew Nang((潮州人)!.
Wah Shi Teochew Nang.....
The orogin of Hakka People
The Hakka people (客家人 or Hakka ngin) also known as Hakka Han, are Han Chinese who speak the Hakka language and have links with the area of the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China. Their ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. They have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and overseas Chinese history: in particular, several revolutionary, political, and military leaders have has Hakka origins.
The identity and origin of Hakka
The use of the term Hakka to describe this people is thought to be comparatively recent, dating to the Qing Dynasty (ca. 17th century).
One theory of the Hakka people's origins suggests they could be related to the Xiongnu nomadic people, who had a considerable, sometimes dominating presence in northern China from the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220) period to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589), merging and assimilating within the general Han populace. However, the more commonly held view sees the Hakka as a subgroup of the Han Chinese. Their ancestors migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval, and continued invasion by foreign forces since the Jin Dynasty (265-420). Subsequent migrations occurred at the end of the Tang Dynasty in the 10th century and during the end of the Northern Song Dynasty in 1125, which saw a massive flood of refugees fleeing southward when the Jurchens captured the northern Song capital of Bianliang. A further southward migration may have continued[original research?], as then Mongols defeated the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and proceeded to take down the Southern Song, establishing the Yuan Dynasty in 1271. The precise movements of the Hakka people remain unclear during the period when the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan in the 14th century and subsequently fell to the Manchus who formed the Qing Dynasty in 16th century.
During the reign of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1654–1722), the coastal regions were evacuated by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the dangers posed by the remnants of the Ming court who had fled to the island of Taiwan. When the threat was eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal regions. To aid the move, each family was given monetary incentives to begin their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Families" (客戶, kèhù).
Punti本地
The existing Cantonese speaking inhabitants (Punti or 本地, "original land") of these areas were protective of their own more fertile lands, and the newcomers were pushed to the outer fringes of fertile plains, despite having migrated legitimately, or they settled in more mountainous regions to eke out a living. People could also purchase and sell land. Conflict between the two groups grew, and it is thought that "Hakka" became a term of derision used by the Punti and aimed at the newcomers. Eventually, the tension between the two groups (the Hakkas had by then been settled for several hundred years, and could not be regarded as migrants in any sense) would lead to a series of 19th century skirmishes known as the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (土客械鬥) in the Pearl River Delta. The problem was not that the two groups spoke a different tongue. In fact the "locals" comprised different peoples speaking several mutually unintelligible tongues, as typical of the Chinese country-side all over China, but they would regard each other as "locals" or Puntis - but not the Hakkas.
The term "Punti" is not however synonymous with "Cantonese", as a Cantonese in any other part of China, say for example Beijing, would not be able to call himself a "Punti", as the puntis of that area would belong to the Beijing or Hebei people.
The term "Punti" is a Hakka word given to the Cantonese by the Hakka people. Speakers of Cantonese pronounce the Hakka word "Punti" as boon-day.
The Hakkas have a custom of buying the unwanted baby daughters of the Yue puntis in Guangdong, as Puntis favored sons over daughters; these Punti-moys (本地妹) then made brides for Hakka sons when they grew up. Hakka daughters did not enter Punti households in the same way, and there is no equivalent Hakka-mui term in the Punti vocabulary.
Over time, the new comers adopted the term "Hakka" to refer to themselves, not least due to the migratory tendencies inherent in their own culture. However, because the term also covers Hakka language-speakers, (in the same way that Punti covered several people speaking different tongues) and because the Han Chinese registered as Guest Families who migrated at the time may not have been Hakka language-speakers, and because of intermarriages among Hakka and Punti members (which showed that relation between the two were very good at times), identification as Hakka was largely a matter of self-selection. Through studies of both Cantonese and Hakka genealogies, some Hakka and Punti people with the same surnames claim the same ancestors, although their descendants strongly identify with one group to the exclusion of the other.
Other locations
The Hakka ancestors are thus but one group amongst many who migrated southwards, becoming linguistically marked by differences yet unified through cultural assonances. As of 2010[update] Hakka people live in the southern Chinese provinces, chiefly in Guangdong, south-western Fujian, southern Jiangxi, southern Hunan, Guangxi, southern Guizhou, south-eastern Sichuan, and on Hainan and Taiwan islands, where there are television news-broadcasts in the Hakka language. The Hakka dialects across these various provinces differ phonologically, but the Meixian (Meizhou) dialect of Hakka is considered[by whom?] the archetypal spoken form of the language. Migratory patterns have been established for some groups, for example in Taiwan, northern and southern migrations from corresponding provinces in China.
Hakka as Han
Although different, and also not different, in some social customs and culture (e.g. linguistic differences) from the surrounding population, the Hakkas are not a separate ethnic group: they belong to the Han Chinese majority. Historical sources shown in census statistics relate only to the general population, irrespective of particular districts, provinces, or regions. These census counts were made during imperial times. They did not distinguish what language the population spoke. Therefore they do not directly document Hakka migrations. The study by Luo Xianglin, K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties. With population movement, it is reasonable to assume that there is mixing among both the Hakka newcomers and the indigenous people, and between the She and Hakka.
However, according to the 2009 studies published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, compared with other Southern Hans, Hakka genes are slightly tilted towards Northern Hans. Nevertheless, the study has shown a strong common genetic relationship between all Han Chinese with only 0.3％ difference
In Malaysia
Hakkas form the second largest subgroup of the ethnic Chinese population of Malaysia. During this time, Chung Keng Quee, Capitan China of Perak and Penang was founder of Taiping, leader of the Hai San, a millionaire philanthropist, an innovator in the mining of tin and was respected by both Chinese and European communities in the early colonial settlement. A well known Hakka man was Yap Ah Loy, a Kapitan in Kuala Lumpur from 1868 to 1885, where he brought significant economic contributions, founded Kuala Lumpur and also was an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese.
In East Malaysia, they form a significant part of the Bornean state of Sabah where most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. The story goes that in the late 19th century, the British, who had just colonised Sabah (then known as British North Borneo), opted to bring in Hakka labourers from Guangdong country because the Hakka were known to be industrious workers. The first batch of Hakkas brought here landed in Kudat on April 4, 1883 under the leadership of Lo Tai Fung. In the following decades Hakka immigrants settled throughout the state, with their main population centres in Kota Kinabalu (then known as Jesselton), Sandakan, Tawau and Kudat. According to the 1991 census, there were 113000 Hakkas in the state. This constituted 57% of the total ethnic Chinese population in Sabah. The second largest Chinese subgroup were the Cantonese with only 28000 persons. This shows that Sabah is one of very few regions in the world where Hakkas clearly outnumber other Chinese subgroups. Most of the Hakkas in Sabah speak with the Huiyang accent (Hakka: Fuiyong, 惠陽). Hakka is the lingua franca among the Chinese in Sabah to such an extent that Chinese of other subgroups who migrate to Sabah from other states in Malaysia and elsewhere usually end up learning the Hakka dialect.
(source: wikipedia)
Sunday, February 14, 2010
Burmese Chinese - Tiger Balm family
Tiger Balm (虎標萬金油)or Tiger Ban Kim Ewe or "Ten Thousand Golden Oil" is the trade name for a heat rub or ointment manufactured and distributed by Haw Par Healthcare in Singapore. It was originally developed in the 1870s by a herbalist, Aw Chu Kin, in Rangoon, Burma, who asked his sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par on his deathbed to perfect the product. Oversea Chinese around the world will remember Tiger Balm, especially the old generations, this was the medical herbal oil that accompanied them from childhood to old age. Even the young generation are familiar with the tiger balm....
Tiger Balm is available in several varieties, the weaker Tiger Balm White (which is recommended for use with headaches) and the stronger Tiger Balm Red (which is not to be used on the head). There is also another version called Tiger Balm Ultra.
Aw Chu Kin(胡子钦)
Aw Chu Kin ( 胡子钦, 原名胡诞钦 ? - 1908 in Rangoon, British Raj) was a Burmese Chinese herbalist. He is best known as the original inventor of Tiger Balm.
Aw Chu Kin's father was a Chinese herbology practitioner in Xiamen and a Hakka from Zhongchuan, Yongding, Fujian Province, China(福建省永定下洋中川村客家人). Being of a poor background, Aw Chu Kin first immigrated to Singapore in 1863 where he stayed at the kongsi of his clan at Telok Ayer Street. He then moved to Penang and started to work as a practitioner of Traditional Chinese medicine, known as a sinseh (先生) in Penang Hokkien. Afterwards, he moved to Rangoon where, with the help of his uncle, founded his medical hall or medical shop, named Eng Aun Tong(永安堂药行)("The Hall of Eternal Peace") in 1870, located at 644,Canton Road(仰光广东街644号).
Aw Chu Kin got married in Rangoon. He had three sons, the eldest of whom, Boon Leng (Gentle/Refined Dragon) died young. He was survived by his two sons, Boon Haw (Gentle/Refined Tiger) and Boon Par (Gentle/Refined Leopard). In 1892, Aw sent Boon Haw to his grandfather's village to be instructed in traditional Chinese methods while Boon Par stayed in Rangoon to receive British education.
In 1900, his two sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par decided to manufacture and market the medicinal ointment under the name Eng Aun Tong, the name of the medical hall. In respect of the said balm, they adopted a trade mark consisting of the device of a tiger. The word "TIGER" is taken from the name of the elder brother Aw Boon Haw. "Haw"(虎)in Chinese means tiger. The Chinese word Haw means the animal tiger. The Chinese word Par in the name of the Younger brother means the animal leopard. The trading name Eng Aun Tong was coined to denote the quality of the product from the popular medical hall in Rangoon. The trade mark TIGER and the device of a leaping tiger were being used in respect of the balm since 1900.
When Aw Chu Kin died in 1908 at Rangoon,he left his medical hall Eng Aun Tong to the son, Aw Boon Par, having despaired of eldest son Boon Haw's rebel-rousing ways. The gentle leopard, finding the responsibility too much to bear, later asked for his older brother's return from China to carry on the family business in Rangoon.
Wife: Lee Kim Peck
Sons: Boon Leong; Boon Haw, Boon Par
Aw Boon Par(胡文豹);
Aw Boon Par ( 胡文豹; 1888 in Rangoon – 1944 in Rangoon) was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was educated in English school in Rangoon, Burma. The lesser known, and a quiet leopard, compared with his brother, Aw Boon Haw.
He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin. His father left the business to Boon Par and after Aw Chu Kin's death in 1908, he called his elder brother Aw Boon Haw to run his father's apothecary Eng Aun Tong ("The Hall of Eternal Peace") together.
"I will learn all I can about Western medicine, you can prescribe Chinese medicine," Boon Par said to his brother. "Together we won't lose a single patient. He can choose between east and west and the fee will stay with us."
To perfect and exploit their late father's recipe, the sons took over their mother's kitchen. Boon Par, the quiet leopard, toiled whilst Boon Haw, the gregarious tiger organised. Together they produced Ban Kim Ewe, Ten Thousand Golden Oil, panacea for all ills.
In 1918, Aw Boon Haw co-developed Tiger Balm as a trade mark, with his younger brother Aw Boon Par. Through artful packages and clever marketing, with the brand name of Tiger Balm (虎標萬金油)or Tiger Ban Kim Ewe or "Ten Thousand Golden Oil" is the trade name. The brothers later made their versatile balm a household standard, first in their native Rangoon, then Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, and the rest of Southeast Asia.
Just when everything was going so great in Rangoon, a squad of policemen showed up at the brothers’ house to serve them with an arrest warrant. Boon Par and Boon Haw were charged with illicit trafficking in opium, and counterfeiting. The British Chief Inspector of Police, Cyril Taylor, put the brothers under house arrest. But the police was not able to pin anything on the brothers. It is humiliating to the brothers, Boon Haw decided to leave Burma and moved the business to Singapore.
Although Aw Boon Par wished to stay in Rangoon, it was because in additional to his two official wives(Piah Lan, Daw Saw who remain in Rangoon), he has a secret wife, Hong Yin in Rangoon. Boon Haw who had settled in Singapore in 1926 convinced him to immigrate, move the family business and found the precursor of today's Haw Par Corporation. By 1926, the headquarters of Eng Aun Tong 'House of Eternal Peace' had been transferred to Singapore. A new and larger factory was built at 89, Neil Road where production was ten times more than that of Rangoon's. The factory building, a conserved 3-storey neo-classical building, is still standing prominently at the corner of Neil Road and Craig Road, it was built by Aw Boon Haw in 1924.
Boon Par took up a residence at Tanglin Road in Singapore. The house eventually become a Jade House. He later moved to larger mansion at 178, Pasir Panjang Road.
They launched Sin Chew Jit Poh - their first paper - in Singapore in 1929; mainly to advertise their tiger series of products.
1932, a Limited Company was incorporated in Singapore, know as Haw Par Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd(“虎药有限公司”). It took over the business of the two brothers referred to earlier as well as the assets including the trade marks. The company continued to carry on business and export balm to various countries including India till the Japanese occupation of Burma and Singapore during the II world war. The company devised various trade markets to be used in various countries, the essential features of each of which was the device of a leaping Tiger, the word 'Tiger Balm' written in English and also in Chinese character. The trade marks were registered in different countries all over the world.
Aw Boon Haw bought the land in 1935, to build a house that would be a unique and fitting residence for his beloved brother Aw Boon Par. He commissioned Ho Kwong Yew, a brilliant young architect, to design a house that would complement the gardens which were to feature thousands of statues and tableaux depicting Chinese myths and legends and were to become well known all over the world as Tiger Balm Gardens. The villa was originally called "Tiger Balm Gardens". A new mansion, Haw Par Villa, was built on a hill in Pasir Panjang surrounded by unique gardens depicting Chinese mythology for the younger, quieter Boon Par in 1937.
Haw Par Villa was opened in March 1937 and many guests were invited to the grand reception hosted by Aw Boon Par, the lord of the manor.
By the eve of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the Aw brothers had built a business empire with 10,000 workers toiling in the Tiger Balm factories.
Aw Boon Par lived in Haw Par Villa only a few years before the second world war broke out in 1939.
The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II occurred between 1942 and 1945 after the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942. Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied Singapore after defeating the combined Australian, British, Indian and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore. The occupation was to become a major turning point in the history of several nations, including that of Japan, Britain and the then colonial state of Singapore. Singapore was renamed to Syonan-to (昭南島 Shōnan-tō), which means "Island of the Light of the South" or "Southern Island (obtained) during Shōwa period".
During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, Aw Boon Haw moved to Hong Kong to manage the business from there, while Aw Boon Par stayed in Singapore to run the factory.
In 1942 Boon Par was forced to flee with his family to Rangoon,which was also occupied by Japanese. Boon Par closed the factory. Allies had driven out the Japanese in April 1945, but unfortunately Aw Boon Par died in Sept 1944, prior to the victory.
wife: Piah Lan, Daw Saw, Hong Yin
Sons: Cheng Chye(胡清才)who died in Chile in 1971, Cheng Tek(胡清德)
Daughters: Cheng Sim or Suri Santipongchai(胡清心), married to Lee Aik Sim(李益森, Lee Santipongchai), who in 1971 was given Sing Sian Yit Pao to manage. The newspaper is now managed by their children Netra and Winn. This may be the only company set up by Aw Boon Haw which is still in the hand of the family ; Cheng Hu(Emma), married to banker Lee Chee Shan(李志城,1909-86)who was the President of Chung Khiaw Bank, but the family owned bank was injected into the listed Haw Par Brothers International Ltd and the listed company was took over by predator Slater Walker Securities when Aw Cheng Chye sold his shares.
Aw Boon Haw(胡文虎)1882-1954
Aw Boon Haw (胡文虎;1882 Rangoon, Burma – 1954 Hong Kong) was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin, with his ancestral home in Yongding County, Fujian Province. A very good negotiator and businessman. His life was not only business, how he managed to deal with KMT, CPC, Puppet government in China during Japanese occupation, and Japan government during WW2 was amazing...
Aw migrated to Singapore in 1926, where he began the business of Tiger Red Balm with his brother, Aw Boon Par. Aw also founded several newspapers, including Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日報)on 15-1-1929 in Singapore, Sin Ping Jit Poh(星槟日报, now known as Guang Ming Daily (光明日報)was found in 1939, which are both now based in Malaysia. Sing Tao Daily (星島日報) dates back to 1-8-1938 and is currently based in Hong Kong. Sin Siam Jit Poh(星暹日报) was found in 1951 in Bangkok, Thailand. Aw moved to Hong Kong during the Japanese occupation of Singapore and managed the business from there, while his brother stayed in Singapore until he closed down the factory and went to Rangoon. Aw returned to Singapore after the end of World War II and re-established his business.
While on a trip to Hong Kong from Boston in 1954, Aw died at the age of 72 from a heart attack following a major operation. His legacy is found in the Haw Par Villas throughout Asia, with locations in Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Fujian Province.
There was a story of racing rivalry of Au Boon Haw and Sultan Ibrahim of Johore. Sultan Ibrahim was a sportsman and hunter. The egregious diplomatic incident when the sultan, enraged at being overtaken by Aw Boon Haw, shot at the Tiger car on Bukit Timah Road. It was considered lese-majesté to overtake royalty even on foreign roads. Notwithstanding, the British colonial administration forbade the sultan thereafter from visiting Singapore ever again except for purpose of going to and from the Singapore airport, then at Kallang.(source: http://www.escapefromparadise.com)
1908: Taking over the business from the late father, together with brother Aw Boon Par.
1911: First branch outside Rangoon set up in Bangkok
1926 : He moved his head office to Singapore after the British conducted an unsuccessful opium raid in his house. He opened the Eng Aun Tong Medical Hall in Singapore. Turnover of his company reached $10 million.
1929 : Founded Sin Chew Jit Poh, a Chinese newspaper competing with Tan Kah Kee's Nanyang Siang Pau. To further promote his Tiger products he also published the Tiger Standard.
1932 : Moved his head office to Hong Kong to capture the China market
1935: Built Haw Par Villa in Hong Kong for his 2nd wife, Kyi Kyi.
1937 : Built Haw Par Villa otherwise known as the Tiger Balm Gardens for his brother, Boon Par. The gardens depict Chinese mythology.
1938 : An OBE conferred on him for his philanthropic contributions
1950 : Set up the Chung Khiaw Bank. He placed the management of the bank under the leadership of his son-in-law, Lee Chee Shan, also a Burmese Chinese, arrived in Singapore in 1929.
1954 : He died in Honolulu in Sept 1954 at the age of 72 years old, half-way home after a stomach operation in America. His empire was divided among six of his nine surviving children and four nephews. Sally Aw taking control of what is now the Sing Tao group (centered in Hong Kong with Sing Tao) and cousins forming Haw Par Brothers (centred in Singapore and including titles such as Sin Chew Jit Poh, which later experienced difficulty in competition with that nation's two dominant players).
After the death of Haw Boon Haw
1961 Aw Boon Haw's will provided all estates in Hong Kong to be given to Tan Kyi Kyi and Sally Aw. The other children of Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par were not happy and demand for the return of Haw Par Villa and Eng Aun Tong(永安堂)to be equally shared by the next of kin. Legal battle between Tan Kyi Kyi and Sally Aw, and the other children and nephew of Aw Boon Haw for the estate of Aw Boon Haw commenced. Sally Aw applied for liquidation of Haw Par Brothers Ltd. The outcome of the legal battle was that the Eng Aun Tong and Har Par Villa was owned by Haw Par Brothers Private Ltd.
1964 Sing Tao edition launched in San Francisco
1969 Sally Aw launches daily editions of Sing Tao for diaspora
1969 Haw Par Brothers Private Ltd was listed as Haw Par Corporation Limited in the Singapore Exchange on 16-8-1969.
1971 Slater Walker Securities gains control of Haw Par Brothers International Ltd (inc Chung Khiaw Bank and newspapers such as Sin Chew Jit Poh, Hong Kong Eng Aun Tong). It was sold by Aw Cheng Chye(胡清才),son of the Aw Boon Par,when he cash out by selling all his shares.
1971 Union Overseas Bank (UOB) acquires 53% of Chung Khiaw from Slater Walker. The Haw Par Deal was later reported irregular by the Singapore government. On 22-8-1971, Aw Cheng Chye reported committed suicide in Santiago, Chile. Some said he died of stroke, but some said it was the curse of Aw Boon Haw.
1972 Sing Tao Holdings goes public
1973 UOB raises holding in Chung Khiaw to 82%
1973 Sing Tao closes The Asian
1983 Sing Tao launched in Vancouver
1983 Sin Chew Jit Poh in Singapore merges with Nanyang Siang Pau as Lianhe Zaobao
1985 launch of JobMarket recruitment magazine in Hong Kong
1986 Sing Tao relisted in Hong Kong after move from Australia
1986 launches and closes English-language Evening Standard in Hong Kong
1986 launches monthly business magazine Billion
1987 Sing Tao's Newspapers of Fiji Ltd (Fiji Sun) withdraws from Fiji after second military coup
1987 Sin Chew Jit Poh delicensed in Malaysia under Mahathir crackdown, later acquired by Sarawak timber tycoon Tiong Hiew King
1988 UOB acquires remaining shares in Chung Khiaw Bank
1989 Sing Tao closes Billion
1989 closes monthly news magazine China Review
1992 The Chinese government returned the 10 storey Canton Eng Aun Tong(广州永安堂药店)building to Sally Aw
1993 pays US$40 for stake in Hong Kong newspaper and comics publisher Culturecom
1998 Sally Aw sells Hong Kong property holdings for HK$100m
1999 loses control of Sing Tao to Lazard Asia Fund after debts of US$274m
2000 Sally Aw sells Tiger Balm Gardens to Li Ka-shing for US$13m
2001 sells 55% of Sing Tao's Canadian arm to Torstar for US$14m
2001 cigarette mogul Charles Ho Tsu-kwok buys 51.4% stake in Sing Tao Holdings
Aw Boon Haw's family
Father: Aw Chi Kim(胡子钦), a herbalist from Zhongchuan, YongDing, Fujian Province in China.
Brothers: Aw Boon Leong(文龙) ("gentle dragon")died early; Aw Boon Par(文豹) ("gentle leopard").
Wives: Boon Haw had four wives. First wife, Tay Piang Hong(郑炳凤, 郑氏是广东惠阳客籍人,生长于仰光?); his second wife, Tan Kyi Kyi(陈金枝), he built a special home at Tai Hang Road, Hong Kong for her. Third wife 黄玉谢 was from Penang,and forth wife 邱秀英.
Adpted Sons: Dato Aw Kow(胡蛟), wife Tan Kah Joo, became General Manager(社长) of the Sin Chew Jit Poh in 1941, the Singapore Tiger Standard and the Chung Khiaw Bank; Aw San(胡山), who became general manager of the Eng Aun Tong Medical Hall and its Canton factory; Aw Hoe(胡好,1919-1951), who became general manager of the Medical Hall and managing director of the Tiger Standard and the Sin Chew Jit Poh; he died tragically in a plane crash in North Malaysia in 1951. A Standard-owned Dakota airplane crash-landed in Thailand, killing everyone on board, including Aw Hoe. He was only 32 years old. Aw Kow and Aw San were the adopted sons of Tay Piang Hong, the first wife. Aw San was dislike and cold storage by Aw Boon Haw and did not get any inheritance from the father. Aw Hoe and Sally Aw are the adopted children of the 2nd wife, Tan Kyi Kyi, the two children are the most capable, Aw Boon Haw was very sad when Aw Hoe died young.
Sons: The 3rd wife(黄玉谢)has two sons, It Haw(胡一虎), Er Haw(胡二虎)who passed away during WW2. The forth wife(邱秀英) give birth to two sons one daughter, Aw Sin(胡星),Aw San Haw(胡三虎)who passed away during WW2,Aw Si Haw(胡四虎). Aw It Haw(胡一虎) and Aw Si Haw(胡四虎)were still young when their father passed away. Aw It Haw(胡一虎) and his Japanese wife(胡晓子) however opened a Japanese supermarket in Singapore.
Daughter: Aw Sin(胡星), the daughter of 邱秀英.
Adopted Daughters: Sally Aw Sian (胡仙), who was a Hong Kong businesswoman and former Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference member,renowned Hong Kong newspaper publisher but had to sell of much of the family's fortunes to avoid bankruptcy. In 1931, Aw Boon Haw and the second wife Tan Kyi Kyi, adopted the five-year-old daughter of a distant relative from Burma, changing the girl's name from She Moi to Sian. Aw Sian inherited her late adopted father's assets. Aw Sian and Aw Hoe are the adopted children of Aw Boon Haw's second wife, Tan Kyi Kyi, and their most favorable children.
According to the report, Sally Aw was the adopted daughter of Aw Boon Haw, he is the daughter of Hu Yee Tee(胡榆梯 or 胡亚梯), a Burmese Chinese from the same ancestral homeland of Feng Yau Tong(奋耀堂), Yongding, China. Hu was opening Chinese medical hall in Bukit Mertajam(大山脚镇), Province Wellesley, opposite Penang island. His wife is a Siamese Chinese from Betong, Thailand, who give birth to a daughter, who was born in 1933. Aw Boon Haw was selling the tiger balm heat rub, supplying medicine to Hu’s shop. Aw Boon Haw was fond of the small girl, as he has no daughter, and wished to adopt the girl. Hu agreed with the request with Aw’s agreement that she will never to return to her birth parent. Nanyang Siang Pau《南洋商报》 reported that the boss of Ban Hock Tong (福堂药材店), Hu Chit Siang(胡概祥) admitted that he is the brother of Sally Aw. He still maintain some photo of Sally Aw. Some Chinese source reported that Sally Aw was born in 1931 at Rangoon, Burma. Other said it was 1933 in Penang.
From the research, Ban Hock Tong still located at 154, Jln Datok Ooh Chooi Cheng, Bukit Mertajam, an old established medical hall in Bukit Mertajam. Hu Chit Siang(胡概祥)was the President of Wing Oon Sha(槟城永安社), formed in 1920, the association for Yongding Hakka Chinese. It is located at 91,Jalan Siam, Penang. He was the President for two terms, 1982-1983, and 1984-1985. He was also the President 1988-2000 for She Foo Kongsi Ann Teng Tong(马来西亚槟城胡氏安定堂), located at 70, Penang Street, Penang(马来西亚槟城广东街70号).
Haw Par Villa(虎豹別墅), Hong Kong
Haw Par Villa is located at 15, Tai Hang Road, Tai Hang, Hong Kong Island, SAR. Built by Aw Boon Haw in 1935 this garden was one of the main attractions of Hong Kong. However, in 1998 the ownership inheritor sold the whole complex to a land development company Most of the Garden has been sold to be redeveloped into a residential area. In 1998, the ownership inheritor, Aw Sian sold the whole Garden complex to a land development company, Cheung Kong. The Hong Kong Government reached an agreement with the company for the Hong Kong Antiquities and Monuments Office to preserve and restore the Haw Par Mansion and its private garden when the Garden complex is redeveloped.
Haw Par Villa(虎豹別墅), Pasir Panjang, Singapore
Located along the Pasir Panjang road, Singapore's Haw Par Villa is actually a theme park depicting stories from the Chinese mythology. The great entrepreneur Aw Boon Haw built it in the year 1937 for his loving brother Boon Par, thus the name Haw Par Villa came into being. Haw Par Villa, the quintessential place depicting Chinese folklore is a great tourist attraction of Singapore.
There is another Haw Par Villa in Fujian, China.
The story of Aw family is full of drama covering Burma, Singapore, Hong Kong; much more than Tiger Balm.....it is unfortunate that the business empire of the Tiger Balm King Aw Boon Haw were all sold, and only Sing Sian Jit Pao was still remain with Aw Boon Par's daughter Cheng Sim or Suri Santipongchai, and now it has passed to the next generation. The saying of the properties cannot passed through to 3rd generations is true for Tiger Balm family, it only passed to the 2nd generation to Sally Aw. However Aw Boon Par will be happy that at least Sing Sian Jit Pao has passed to 3rd generation.....
Updated 9-2-2014
The oldest and largest Chinese newspaper in Thailand is published by Sing Pao Co.,Ltd., located at 267, New Road, Bangkok. It was took over by Aw Boon Par's son-in-law, Lee Santipongchai(李益森) in 1971. He is the chairman of the company from 1971-2010. Two of Mr Lee's children are also involved with the paper: Daughter Ms Netra Ruthaiyanont and a son, Winn Santipongchai. Winn Santipongchai was once Executive Director of Sing Pao Co Limited. Netra Ruthaiyanont (李坤珊), the daughter of Lee and Suree Santipongchai(Aw Cheng Sim胡清心), was former MD of Sin Sian Jit Pao(from Jan1980-Nov 2010), now Country Manager - Myanmar ที่ Loxley PCL. She is married to Anusorn with two sons, Al, a fashion stylist, and Nick. Mr Lee Santipongchai is now consul of Uruguay Consulate in Bangkok , at Sing Sian Yit Pao Bldg , No. 267 New Road Bangkok 10100 Thailand .Winn Santipongchai is the Honorary Vice-Consul.
Just for note, the last inheritance of Aw's family, the newspaper in Bangkok "Sing Sian Jit Pao" or Sing Sian Yit Pao Daily News (ซิงเสียนเยอะเป้า, 星暹日報) was sold in 2010, that was the end of Tiger Balm Empire.
Note: This article has been copied and shared in the internet, please quoted the source. Thank you.
Related articles/website
1. Aw Boon Haw Foundation, http://www.abhfoundation.org/english/aboutABH.html
2. Aw Boon Haw, http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_789_2004-12-23.html
3. Escape from Paradise(2001), by John Harding & May Chu Harding , published by IDK Press, USA( May Chu is the granddaughter of Aw Cheng Hu or Emma, the daughter of Aw Boon Par. A book banned in Singapore. An interesting read. You can read part of it in google; http://books.google.com.my/books?id=3jyw0ndQqnQC&dq=Aw+Boon+Par+,+Rangoon,&source=gbs_navlinks_s
4. Escape from Paradise, personal website of May Chu, http://www.escapefromparadise.com/NewFiles/aw.html(you may read some story of personality in Singapore). If you have read the book, this will be interesting to follow on...
5. Legal case: Haw Par Bros. International Ltd. vs Tiger Balm Co. (P) Ltd. And Ors. on 1 April, 1995,http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1291339/
6. Entanglement of Business and Politics in the Chinese Diaspora:Interrogating the Wartime Patriotism of Aw Boon Haw(2006), by HUANG JIANLI, JOURNAL OF CHINESE OVERSEAS 2, 1 (MAY 2006) : 79–17109, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_chinese_overseas/v002/2.1huang.pdf(To know the role Aw Boon Haw played during WW2)
7. The tale of Haw Par , http://www.hawpar.com/heritage.htm
8. Far From Rangoon: Lee Chee Shan 1909-86(1994), by Yeap Joo Kim, published by Lee Teng Lay Pte. Ltd.,Singapore( The biography on Aw Boon Par's son-in-law, a banker with Singaporean bank, Chung Khiaw Bank)
9. 香港“报业女王”星岛集团主席胡仙衰落记, http://www.baoye.net/News.aspx?ID=236817(In Chinese)
10.纪念胡文虎诞辰125周年, http://www.longyan.gov.cn/rdzt/hwh/
11. “万金油大王”胡文虎儿媳：一生最荣幸之事是拥有新加坡国籍(2008),符祝慧(东京特派员),联合早报 (2008-01-14) http://www.zaobao.com/special/face2face/pages1/face2face080114.shtml
12. Dato Aw Kow v Haw Par Bros (Pte) Ltd(1972-1974) SLR 391; (1972) 2 MLJ 225 (HC), Haw Par
Brothers v Dato Aw Kow (1972-1974) SLR 183; (1973)2 MLJ 169 (CA);
Tiger Balm is available in several varieties, the weaker Tiger Balm White (which is recommended for use with headaches) and the stronger Tiger Balm Red (which is not to be used on the head). There is also another version called Tiger Balm Ultra.
Aw Chu Kin(胡子钦)
Aw Chu Kin ( 胡子钦, 原名胡诞钦 ? - 1908 in Rangoon, British Raj) was a Burmese Chinese herbalist. He is best known as the original inventor of Tiger Balm.
Aw Chu Kin's father was a Chinese herbology practitioner in Xiamen and a Hakka from Zhongchuan, Yongding, Fujian Province, China(福建省永定下洋中川村客家人). Being of a poor background, Aw Chu Kin first immigrated to Singapore in 1863 where he stayed at the kongsi of his clan at Telok Ayer Street. He then moved to Penang and started to work as a practitioner of Traditional Chinese medicine, known as a sinseh (先生) in Penang Hokkien. Afterwards, he moved to Rangoon where, with the help of his uncle, founded his medical hall or medical shop, named Eng Aun Tong(永安堂药行)("The Hall of Eternal Peace") in 1870, located at 644,Canton Road(仰光广东街644号).
Aw Chu Kin got married in Rangoon. He had three sons, the eldest of whom, Boon Leng (Gentle/Refined Dragon) died young. He was survived by his two sons, Boon Haw (Gentle/Refined Tiger) and Boon Par (Gentle/Refined Leopard). In 1892, Aw sent Boon Haw to his grandfather's village to be instructed in traditional Chinese methods while Boon Par stayed in Rangoon to receive British education.
In 1900, his two sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par decided to manufacture and market the medicinal ointment under the name Eng Aun Tong, the name of the medical hall. In respect of the said balm, they adopted a trade mark consisting of the device of a tiger. The word "TIGER" is taken from the name of the elder brother Aw Boon Haw. "Haw"(虎)in Chinese means tiger. The Chinese word Haw means the animal tiger. The Chinese word Par in the name of the Younger brother means the animal leopard. The trading name Eng Aun Tong was coined to denote the quality of the product from the popular medical hall in Rangoon. The trade mark TIGER and the device of a leaping tiger were being used in respect of the balm since 1900.
When Aw Chu Kin died in 1908 at Rangoon,he left his medical hall Eng Aun Tong to the son, Aw Boon Par, having despaired of eldest son Boon Haw's rebel-rousing ways. The gentle leopard, finding the responsibility too much to bear, later asked for his older brother's return from China to carry on the family business in Rangoon.
Wife: Lee Kim Peck
Sons: Boon Leong; Boon Haw, Boon Par
Aw Boon Par(胡文豹);
Aw Boon Par ( 胡文豹; 1888 in Rangoon – 1944 in Rangoon) was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was educated in English school in Rangoon, Burma. The lesser known, and a quiet leopard, compared with his brother, Aw Boon Haw.
He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin. His father left the business to Boon Par and after Aw Chu Kin's death in 1908, he called his elder brother Aw Boon Haw to run his father's apothecary Eng Aun Tong ("The Hall of Eternal Peace") together.
"I will learn all I can about Western medicine, you can prescribe Chinese medicine," Boon Par said to his brother. "Together we won't lose a single patient. He can choose between east and west and the fee will stay with us."
To perfect and exploit their late father's recipe, the sons took over their mother's kitchen. Boon Par, the quiet leopard, toiled whilst Boon Haw, the gregarious tiger organised. Together they produced Ban Kim Ewe, Ten Thousand Golden Oil, panacea for all ills.
In 1918, Aw Boon Haw co-developed Tiger Balm as a trade mark, with his younger brother Aw Boon Par. Through artful packages and clever marketing, with the brand name of Tiger Balm (虎標萬金油)or Tiger Ban Kim Ewe or "Ten Thousand Golden Oil" is the trade name. The brothers later made their versatile balm a household standard, first in their native Rangoon, then Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, and the rest of Southeast Asia.
Just when everything was going so great in Rangoon, a squad of policemen showed up at the brothers’ house to serve them with an arrest warrant. Boon Par and Boon Haw were charged with illicit trafficking in opium, and counterfeiting. The British Chief Inspector of Police, Cyril Taylor, put the brothers under house arrest. But the police was not able to pin anything on the brothers. It is humiliating to the brothers, Boon Haw decided to leave Burma and moved the business to Singapore.
Although Aw Boon Par wished to stay in Rangoon, it was because in additional to his two official wives(Piah Lan, Daw Saw who remain in Rangoon), he has a secret wife, Hong Yin in Rangoon. Boon Haw who had settled in Singapore in 1926 convinced him to immigrate, move the family business and found the precursor of today's Haw Par Corporation. By 1926, the headquarters of Eng Aun Tong 'House of Eternal Peace' had been transferred to Singapore. A new and larger factory was built at 89, Neil Road where production was ten times more than that of Rangoon's. The factory building, a conserved 3-storey neo-classical building, is still standing prominently at the corner of Neil Road and Craig Road, it was built by Aw Boon Haw in 1924.
Boon Par took up a residence at Tanglin Road in Singapore. The house eventually become a Jade House. He later moved to larger mansion at 178, Pasir Panjang Road.
They launched Sin Chew Jit Poh - their first paper - in Singapore in 1929; mainly to advertise their tiger series of products.
1932, a Limited Company was incorporated in Singapore, know as Haw Par Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd(“虎药有限公司”). It took over the business of the two brothers referred to earlier as well as the assets including the trade marks. The company continued to carry on business and export balm to various countries including India till the Japanese occupation of Burma and Singapore during the II world war. The company devised various trade markets to be used in various countries, the essential features of each of which was the device of a leaping Tiger, the word 'Tiger Balm' written in English and also in Chinese character. The trade marks were registered in different countries all over the world.
Aw Boon Haw bought the land in 1935, to build a house that would be a unique and fitting residence for his beloved brother Aw Boon Par. He commissioned Ho Kwong Yew, a brilliant young architect, to design a house that would complement the gardens which were to feature thousands of statues and tableaux depicting Chinese myths and legends and were to become well known all over the world as Tiger Balm Gardens. The villa was originally called "Tiger Balm Gardens". A new mansion, Haw Par Villa, was built on a hill in Pasir Panjang surrounded by unique gardens depicting Chinese mythology for the younger, quieter Boon Par in 1937.
Haw Par Villa was opened in March 1937 and many guests were invited to the grand reception hosted by Aw Boon Par, the lord of the manor.
By the eve of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the Aw brothers had built a business empire with 10,000 workers toiling in the Tiger Balm factories.
Aw Boon Par lived in Haw Par Villa only a few years before the second world war broke out in 1939.
The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II occurred between 1942 and 1945 after the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942. Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied Singapore after defeating the combined Australian, British, Indian and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore. The occupation was to become a major turning point in the history of several nations, including that of Japan, Britain and the then colonial state of Singapore. Singapore was renamed to Syonan-to (昭南島 Shōnan-tō), which means "Island of the Light of the South" or "Southern Island (obtained) during Shōwa period".
During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, Aw Boon Haw moved to Hong Kong to manage the business from there, while Aw Boon Par stayed in Singapore to run the factory.
In 1942 Boon Par was forced to flee with his family to Rangoon,which was also occupied by Japanese. Boon Par closed the factory. Allies had driven out the Japanese in April 1945, but unfortunately Aw Boon Par died in Sept 1944, prior to the victory.
wife: Piah Lan, Daw Saw, Hong Yin
Sons: Cheng Chye(胡清才)who died in Chile in 1971, Cheng Tek(胡清德)
Daughters: Cheng Sim or Suri Santipongchai(胡清心), married to Lee Aik Sim(李益森, Lee Santipongchai), who in 1971 was given Sing Sian Yit Pao to manage. The newspaper is now managed by their children Netra and Winn. This may be the only company set up by Aw Boon Haw which is still in the hand of the family ; Cheng Hu(Emma), married to banker Lee Chee Shan(李志城,1909-86)who was the President of Chung Khiaw Bank, but the family owned bank was injected into the listed Haw Par Brothers International Ltd and the listed company was took over by predator Slater Walker Securities when Aw Cheng Chye sold his shares.
Aw Boon Haw(胡文虎)1882-1954
Aw Boon Haw (胡文虎;1882 Rangoon, Burma – 1954 Hong Kong) was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin, with his ancestral home in Yongding County, Fujian Province. A very good negotiator and businessman. His life was not only business, how he managed to deal with KMT, CPC, Puppet government in China during Japanese occupation, and Japan government during WW2 was amazing...
Aw migrated to Singapore in 1926, where he began the business of Tiger Red Balm with his brother, Aw Boon Par. Aw also founded several newspapers, including Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日報)on 15-1-1929 in Singapore, Sin Ping Jit Poh(星槟日报, now known as Guang Ming Daily (光明日報)was found in 1939, which are both now based in Malaysia. Sing Tao Daily (星島日報) dates back to 1-8-1938 and is currently based in Hong Kong. Sin Siam Jit Poh(星暹日报) was found in 1951 in Bangkok, Thailand. Aw moved to Hong Kong during the Japanese occupation of Singapore and managed the business from there, while his brother stayed in Singapore until he closed down the factory and went to Rangoon. Aw returned to Singapore after the end of World War II and re-established his business.
While on a trip to Hong Kong from Boston in 1954, Aw died at the age of 72 from a heart attack following a major operation. His legacy is found in the Haw Par Villas throughout Asia, with locations in Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Fujian Province.
There was a story of racing rivalry of Au Boon Haw and Sultan Ibrahim of Johore. Sultan Ibrahim was a sportsman and hunter. The egregious diplomatic incident when the sultan, enraged at being overtaken by Aw Boon Haw, shot at the Tiger car on Bukit Timah Road. It was considered lese-majesté to overtake royalty even on foreign roads. Notwithstanding, the British colonial administration forbade the sultan thereafter from visiting Singapore ever again except for purpose of going to and from the Singapore airport, then at Kallang.(source: http://www.escapefromparadise.com)
1908: Taking over the business from the late father, together with brother Aw Boon Par.
1911: First branch outside Rangoon set up in Bangkok
1926 : He moved his head office to Singapore after the British conducted an unsuccessful opium raid in his house. He opened the Eng Aun Tong Medical Hall in Singapore. Turnover of his company reached $10 million.
1929 : Founded Sin Chew Jit Poh, a Chinese newspaper competing with Tan Kah Kee's Nanyang Siang Pau. To further promote his Tiger products he also published the Tiger Standard.
1932 : Moved his head office to Hong Kong to capture the China market
1935: Built Haw Par Villa in Hong Kong for his 2nd wife, Kyi Kyi.
1937 : Built Haw Par Villa otherwise known as the Tiger Balm Gardens for his brother, Boon Par. The gardens depict Chinese mythology.
1938 : An OBE conferred on him for his philanthropic contributions
1950 : Set up the Chung Khiaw Bank. He placed the management of the bank under the leadership of his son-in-law, Lee Chee Shan, also a Burmese Chinese, arrived in Singapore in 1929.
1954 : He died in Honolulu in Sept 1954 at the age of 72 years old, half-way home after a stomach operation in America. His empire was divided among six of his nine surviving children and four nephews. Sally Aw taking control of what is now the Sing Tao group (centered in Hong Kong with Sing Tao) and cousins forming Haw Par Brothers (centred in Singapore and including titles such as Sin Chew Jit Poh, which later experienced difficulty in competition with that nation's two dominant players).
After the death of Haw Boon Haw
1961 Aw Boon Haw's will provided all estates in Hong Kong to be given to Tan Kyi Kyi and Sally Aw. The other children of Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par were not happy and demand for the return of Haw Par Villa and Eng Aun Tong(永安堂)to be equally shared by the next of kin. Legal battle between Tan Kyi Kyi and Sally Aw, and the other children and nephew of Aw Boon Haw for the estate of Aw Boon Haw commenced. Sally Aw applied for liquidation of Haw Par Brothers Ltd. The outcome of the legal battle was that the Eng Aun Tong and Har Par Villa was owned by Haw Par Brothers Private Ltd.
1964 Sing Tao edition launched in San Francisco
1969 Sally Aw launches daily editions of Sing Tao for diaspora
1969 Haw Par Brothers Private Ltd was listed as Haw Par Corporation Limited in the Singapore Exchange on 16-8-1969.
1971 Slater Walker Securities gains control of Haw Par Brothers International Ltd (inc Chung Khiaw Bank and newspapers such as Sin Chew Jit Poh, Hong Kong Eng Aun Tong). It was sold by Aw Cheng Chye(胡清才),son of the Aw Boon Par,when he cash out by selling all his shares.
1971 Union Overseas Bank (UOB) acquires 53% of Chung Khiaw from Slater Walker. The Haw Par Deal was later reported irregular by the Singapore government. On 22-8-1971, Aw Cheng Chye reported committed suicide in Santiago, Chile. Some said he died of stroke, but some said it was the curse of Aw Boon Haw.
1972 Sing Tao Holdings goes public
1973 UOB raises holding in Chung Khiaw to 82%
1973 Sing Tao closes The Asian
1983 Sing Tao launched in Vancouver
1983 Sin Chew Jit Poh in Singapore merges with Nanyang Siang Pau as Lianhe Zaobao
1985 launch of JobMarket recruitment magazine in Hong Kong
1986 Sing Tao relisted in Hong Kong after move from Australia
1986 launches and closes English-language Evening Standard in Hong Kong
1986 launches monthly business magazine Billion
1987 Sing Tao's Newspapers of Fiji Ltd (Fiji Sun) withdraws from Fiji after second military coup
1987 Sin Chew Jit Poh delicensed in Malaysia under Mahathir crackdown, later acquired by Sarawak timber tycoon Tiong Hiew King
1988 UOB acquires remaining shares in Chung Khiaw Bank
1989 Sing Tao closes Billion
1989 closes monthly news magazine China Review
1992 The Chinese government returned the 10 storey Canton Eng Aun Tong(广州永安堂药店)building to Sally Aw
1993 pays US$40 for stake in Hong Kong newspaper and comics publisher Culturecom
1998 Sally Aw sells Hong Kong property holdings for HK$100m
1999 loses control of Sing Tao to Lazard Asia Fund after debts of US$274m
2000 Sally Aw sells Tiger Balm Gardens to Li Ka-shing for US$13m
2001 sells 55% of Sing Tao's Canadian arm to Torstar for US$14m
2001 cigarette mogul Charles Ho Tsu-kwok buys 51.4% stake in Sing Tao Holdings
Aw Boon Haw's family
Father: Aw Chi Kim(胡子钦), a herbalist from Zhongchuan, YongDing, Fujian Province in China.
Brothers: Aw Boon Leong(文龙) ("gentle dragon")died early; Aw Boon Par(文豹) ("gentle leopard").
Wives: Boon Haw had four wives. First wife, Tay Piang Hong(郑炳凤, 郑氏是广东惠阳客籍人,生长于仰光?); his second wife, Tan Kyi Kyi(陈金枝), he built a special home at Tai Hang Road, Hong Kong for her. Third wife 黄玉谢 was from Penang,and forth wife 邱秀英.
Adpted Sons: Dato Aw Kow(胡蛟), wife Tan Kah Joo, became General Manager(社长) of the Sin Chew Jit Poh in 1941, the Singapore Tiger Standard and the Chung Khiaw Bank; Aw San(胡山), who became general manager of the Eng Aun Tong Medical Hall and its Canton factory; Aw Hoe(胡好,1919-1951), who became general manager of the Medical Hall and managing director of the Tiger Standard and the Sin Chew Jit Poh; he died tragically in a plane crash in North Malaysia in 1951. A Standard-owned Dakota airplane crash-landed in Thailand, killing everyone on board, including Aw Hoe. He was only 32 years old. Aw Kow and Aw San were the adopted sons of Tay Piang Hong, the first wife. Aw San was dislike and cold storage by Aw Boon Haw and did not get any inheritance from the father. Aw Hoe and Sally Aw are the adopted children of the 2nd wife, Tan Kyi Kyi, the two children are the most capable, Aw Boon Haw was very sad when Aw Hoe died young.
Sons: The 3rd wife(黄玉谢)has two sons, It Haw(胡一虎), Er Haw(胡二虎)who passed away during WW2. The forth wife(邱秀英) give birth to two sons one daughter, Aw Sin(胡星),Aw San Haw(胡三虎)who passed away during WW2,Aw Si Haw(胡四虎). Aw It Haw(胡一虎) and Aw Si Haw(胡四虎)were still young when their father passed away. Aw It Haw(胡一虎) and his Japanese wife(胡晓子) however opened a Japanese supermarket in Singapore.
Daughter: Aw Sin(胡星), the daughter of 邱秀英.
Adopted Daughters: Sally Aw Sian (胡仙), who was a Hong Kong businesswoman and former Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference member,renowned Hong Kong newspaper publisher but had to sell of much of the family's fortunes to avoid bankruptcy. In 1931, Aw Boon Haw and the second wife Tan Kyi Kyi, adopted the five-year-old daughter of a distant relative from Burma, changing the girl's name from She Moi to Sian. Aw Sian inherited her late adopted father's assets. Aw Sian and Aw Hoe are the adopted children of Aw Boon Haw's second wife, Tan Kyi Kyi, and their most favorable children.
According to the report, Sally Aw was the adopted daughter of Aw Boon Haw, he is the daughter of Hu Yee Tee(胡榆梯 or 胡亚梯), a Burmese Chinese from the same ancestral homeland of Feng Yau Tong(奋耀堂), Yongding, China. Hu was opening Chinese medical hall in Bukit Mertajam(大山脚镇), Province Wellesley, opposite Penang island. His wife is a Siamese Chinese from Betong, Thailand, who give birth to a daughter, who was born in 1933. Aw Boon Haw was selling the tiger balm heat rub, supplying medicine to Hu’s shop. Aw Boon Haw was fond of the small girl, as he has no daughter, and wished to adopt the girl. Hu agreed with the request with Aw’s agreement that she will never to return to her birth parent. Nanyang Siang Pau《南洋商报》 reported that the boss of Ban Hock Tong (福堂药材店), Hu Chit Siang(胡概祥) admitted that he is the brother of Sally Aw. He still maintain some photo of Sally Aw. Some Chinese source reported that Sally Aw was born in 1931 at Rangoon, Burma. Other said it was 1933 in Penang.
From the research, Ban Hock Tong still located at 154, Jln Datok Ooh Chooi Cheng, Bukit Mertajam, an old established medical hall in Bukit Mertajam. Hu Chit Siang(胡概祥)was the President of Wing Oon Sha(槟城永安社), formed in 1920, the association for Yongding Hakka Chinese. It is located at 91,Jalan Siam, Penang. He was the President for two terms, 1982-1983, and 1984-1985. He was also the President 1988-2000 for She Foo Kongsi Ann Teng Tong(马来西亚槟城胡氏安定堂), located at 70, Penang Street, Penang(马来西亚槟城广东街70号).
Haw Par Villa(虎豹別墅), Hong Kong
Haw Par Villa is located at 15, Tai Hang Road, Tai Hang, Hong Kong Island, SAR. Built by Aw Boon Haw in 1935 this garden was one of the main attractions of Hong Kong. However, in 1998 the ownership inheritor sold the whole complex to a land development company Most of the Garden has been sold to be redeveloped into a residential area. In 1998, the ownership inheritor, Aw Sian sold the whole Garden complex to a land development company, Cheung Kong. The Hong Kong Government reached an agreement with the company for the Hong Kong Antiquities and Monuments Office to preserve and restore the Haw Par Mansion and its private garden when the Garden complex is redeveloped.
Haw Par Villa(虎豹別墅), Pasir Panjang, Singapore
Located along the Pasir Panjang road, Singapore's Haw Par Villa is actually a theme park depicting stories from the Chinese mythology. The great entrepreneur Aw Boon Haw built it in the year 1937 for his loving brother Boon Par, thus the name Haw Par Villa came into being. Haw Par Villa, the quintessential place depicting Chinese folklore is a great tourist attraction of Singapore.
There is another Haw Par Villa in Fujian, China.
The story of Aw family is full of drama covering Burma, Singapore, Hong Kong; much more than Tiger Balm.....it is unfortunate that the business empire of the Tiger Balm King Aw Boon Haw were all sold, and only Sing Sian Jit Pao was still remain with Aw Boon Par's daughter Cheng Sim or Suri Santipongchai, and now it has passed to the next generation. The saying of the properties cannot passed through to 3rd generations is true for Tiger Balm family, it only passed to the 2nd generation to Sally Aw. However Aw Boon Par will be happy that at least Sing Sian Jit Pao has passed to 3rd generation.....
Updated 9-2-2014
The oldest and largest Chinese newspaper in Thailand is published by Sing Pao Co.,Ltd., located at 267, New Road, Bangkok. It was took over by Aw Boon Par's son-in-law, Lee Santipongchai(李益森) in 1971. He is the chairman of the company from 1971-2010. Two of Mr Lee's children are also involved with the paper: Daughter Ms Netra Ruthaiyanont and a son, Winn Santipongchai. Winn Santipongchai was once Executive Director of Sing Pao Co Limited. Netra Ruthaiyanont (李坤珊), the daughter of Lee and Suree Santipongchai(Aw Cheng Sim胡清心), was former MD of Sin Sian Jit Pao(from Jan1980-Nov 2010), now Country Manager - Myanmar ที่ Loxley PCL. She is married to Anusorn with two sons, Al, a fashion stylist, and Nick. Mr Lee Santipongchai is now consul of Uruguay Consulate in Bangkok , at Sing Sian Yit Pao Bldg , No. 267 New Road Bangkok 10100 Thailand .Winn Santipongchai is the Honorary Vice-Consul.
Just for note, the last inheritance of Aw's family, the newspaper in Bangkok "Sing Sian Jit Pao" or Sing Sian Yit Pao Daily News (ซิงเสียนเยอะเป้า, 星暹日報) was sold in 2010, that was the end of Tiger Balm Empire.
Note: This article has been copied and shared in the internet, please quoted the source. Thank you.
Related articles/website
1. Aw Boon Haw Foundation, http://www.abhfoundation.org/english/aboutABH.html
2. Aw Boon Haw, http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_789_2004-12-23.html
3. Escape from Paradise(2001), by John Harding & May Chu Harding , published by IDK Press, USA( May Chu is the granddaughter of Aw Cheng Hu or Emma, the daughter of Aw Boon Par. A book banned in Singapore. An interesting read. You can read part of it in google; http://books.google.com.my/books?id=3jyw0ndQqnQC&dq=Aw+Boon+Par+,+Rangoon,&source=gbs_navlinks_s
4. Escape from Paradise, personal website of May Chu, http://www.escapefromparadise.com/NewFiles/aw.html(you may read some story of personality in Singapore). If you have read the book, this will be interesting to follow on...
5. Legal case: Haw Par Bros. International Ltd. vs Tiger Balm Co. (P) Ltd. And Ors. on 1 April, 1995,http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1291339/
6. Entanglement of Business and Politics in the Chinese Diaspora:Interrogating the Wartime Patriotism of Aw Boon Haw(2006), by HUANG JIANLI, JOURNAL OF CHINESE OVERSEAS 2, 1 (MAY 2006) : 79–17109, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_chinese_overseas/v002/2.1huang.pdf(To know the role Aw Boon Haw played during WW2)
7. The tale of Haw Par , http://www.hawpar.com/heritage.htm
8. Far From Rangoon: Lee Chee Shan 1909-86(1994), by Yeap Joo Kim, published by Lee Teng Lay Pte. Ltd.,Singapore( The biography on Aw Boon Par's son-in-law, a banker with Singaporean bank, Chung Khiaw Bank)
9. 香港“报业女王”星岛集团主席胡仙衰落记, http://www.baoye.net/News.aspx?ID=236817(In Chinese)
10.纪念胡文虎诞辰125周年, http://www.longyan.gov.cn/rdzt/hwh/
11. “万金油大王”胡文虎儿媳：一生最荣幸之事是拥有新加坡国籍(2008),符祝慧(东京特派员),联合早报 (2008-01-14) http://www.zaobao.com/special/face2face/pages1/face2face080114.shtml
12. Dato Aw Kow v Haw Par Bros (Pte) Ltd(1972-1974) SLR 391; (1972) 2 MLJ 225 (HC), Haw Par
Brothers v Dato Aw Kow (1972-1974) SLR 183; (1973)2 MLJ 169 (CA);
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