Burmese Chinese - Tiger Balm family

Tiger Balm (虎標萬金油)or Tiger Ban Kim Ewe or "Ten Thousand Golden Oil" is the trade name for a heat rub or ointment manufactured and distributed by Haw Par Healthcare in Singapore. It was originally developed in the 1870s by a herbalist, Aw Chu Kin, in Rangoon, Burma, who asked his sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par on his deathbed to perfect the product. Oversea Chinese around the world will remember Tiger Balm, especially the old generations, this was the medical herbal oil that accompanied them from childhood to old age. Even the young generation are familiar with the tiger balm....

Tiger Balm is available in several varieties, the weaker Tiger Balm White (which is recommended for use with headaches) and the stronger Tiger Balm Red (which is not to be used on the head). There is also another version called Tiger Balm Ultra.

Aw Chu Kin(胡子钦)

Aw Chu Kin ( 胡子钦, 原名胡诞钦 ? - 1908 in Rangoon, British Raj) was a Burmese Chinese herbalist. He is best known as the original inventor of Tiger Balm.

Aw Chu Kin's father was a Chinese herbology practitioner in Xiamen and a Hakka from Zhongchuan, Yongding, Fujian Province, China(福建省永定下洋中川村客家人). Being of a poor background, Aw Chu Kin first immigrated to Singapore in 1863 where he stayed at the kongsi of his clan at Telok Ayer Street. He then moved to Penang and started to work as a practitioner of Traditional Chinese medicine, known as a sinseh (先生) in Penang Hokkien. Afterwards, he moved to Rangoon where, with the help of his uncle, founded his medical hall or medical shop, named Eng Aun Tong(永安堂药行)("The Hall of Eternal Peace") in 1870, located at 644,Canton Road(仰光广东街644号).

Aw Chu Kin got married in Rangoon. He had three sons, the eldest of whom, Boon Leng (Gentle/Refined Dragon) died young. He was survived by his two sons, Boon Haw (Gentle/Refined Tiger) and Boon Par (Gentle/Refined Leopard). In 1892, Aw sent Boon Haw to his grandfather's village to be instructed in traditional Chinese methods while Boon Par stayed in Rangoon to receive British education.

In 1900, his two sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par decided to manufacture and market the medicinal ointment under the name Eng Aun Tong, the name of the medical hall. In respect of the said balm, they adopted a trade mark consisting of the device of a tiger. The word "TIGER" is taken from the name of the elder brother Aw Boon Haw. "Haw"(虎)in Chinese means tiger. The Chinese word Haw means the animal tiger. The Chinese word Par in the name of the Younger brother means the animal leopard. The trading name Eng Aun Tong was coined to denote the quality of the product from the popular medical hall in Rangoon. The trade mark TIGER and the device of a leaping tiger were being used in respect of the balm since 1900.

When Aw Chu Kin died in 1908 at Rangoon,he left his medical hall Eng Aun Tong to the son, Aw Boon Par, having despaired of eldest son Boon Haw's rebel-rousing ways. The gentle leopard, finding the responsibility too much to bear, later asked for his older brother's return from China to carry on the family business in Rangoon.

Wife: Lee Kim Peck
Sons: Boon Leong; Boon Haw, Boon Par

Aw Boon Par(胡文豹);

Aw Boon Par ( 胡文豹; 1888 in Rangoon – 1944 in Rangoon) was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was educated in English school in Rangoon, Burma. The lesser known, and a quiet leopard, compared with his brother, Aw Boon Haw.

He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin. His father left the business to Boon Par and after Aw Chu Kin's death in 1908, he called his elder brother Aw Boon Haw to run his father's apothecary Eng Aun Tong ("The Hall of Eternal Peace") together.

"I will learn all I can about Western medicine, you can prescribe Chinese medicine," Boon Par said to his brother. "Together we won't lose a single patient. He can choose between east and west and the fee will stay with us."

To perfect and exploit their late father's recipe, the sons took over their mother's kitchen. Boon Par, the quiet leopard, toiled whilst Boon Haw, the gregarious tiger organised. Together they produced Ban Kim Ewe, Ten Thousand Golden Oil, panacea for all ills.

In 1918, Aw Boon Haw co-developed Tiger Balm as a trade mark, with his younger brother Aw Boon Par. Through artful packages and clever marketing, with the brand name of Tiger Balm (虎標萬金油)or Tiger Ban Kim Ewe or "Ten Thousand Golden Oil" is the trade name. The brothers later made their versatile balm a household standard, first in their native Rangoon, then Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, and the rest of Southeast Asia.

Just when everything was going so great in Rangoon, a squad of policemen showed up at the brothers’ house to serve them with an arrest warrant. Boon Par and Boon Haw were charged with illicit trafficking in opium, and counterfeiting. The British Chief Inspector of Police, Cyril Taylor, put the brothers under house arrest. But the police was not able to pin anything on the brothers. It is humiliating to the brothers, Boon Haw decided to leave Burma and moved the business to Singapore.

Although Aw Boon Par wished to stay in Rangoon, it was because in additional to his two official wives(Piah Lan, Daw Saw who remain in Rangoon), he has a secret wife, Hong Yin in Rangoon. Boon Haw who had settled in Singapore in 1926 convinced him to immigrate, move the family business and found the precursor of today's Haw Par Corporation. By 1926, the headquarters of Eng Aun Tong 'House of Eternal Peace' had been transferred to Singapore. A new and larger factory was built at 89, Neil Road where production was ten times more than that of Rangoon's. The factory building, a conserved 3-storey neo-classical building, is still standing prominently at the corner of Neil Road and Craig Road, it was built by Aw Boon Haw in 1924.

Boon Par took up a residence at Tanglin Road in Singapore. The house eventually become a Jade House. He later moved to larger mansion at 178, Pasir Panjang Road.

They launched Sin Chew Jit Poh - their first paper - in Singapore in 1929; mainly to advertise their tiger series of products.

1932, a Limited Company was incorporated in Singapore, know as Haw Par Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd(“虎药有限公司”). It took over the business of the two brothers referred to earlier as well as the assets including the trade marks. The company continued to carry on business and export balm to various countries including India till the Japanese occupation of Burma and Singapore during the II world war. The company devised various trade markets to be used in various countries, the essential features of each of which was the device of a leaping Tiger, the word 'Tiger Balm' written in English and also in Chinese character. The trade marks were registered in different countries all over the world.

Aw Boon Haw bought the land in 1935, to build a house that would be a unique and fitting residence for his beloved brother Aw Boon Par. He commissioned Ho Kwong Yew, a brilliant young architect, to design a house that would complement the gardens which were to feature thousands of statues and tableaux depicting Chinese myths and legends and were to become well known all over the world as Tiger Balm Gardens. The villa was originally called "Tiger Balm Gardens". A new mansion, Haw Par Villa, was built on a hill in Pasir Panjang surrounded by unique gardens depicting Chinese mythology for the younger, quieter Boon Par in 1937.

Haw Par Villa was opened in March 1937 and many guests were invited to the grand reception hosted by Aw Boon Par, the lord of the manor.

By the eve of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the Aw brothers had built a business empire with 10,000 workers toiling in the Tiger Balm factories.

Aw Boon Par lived in Haw Par Villa only a few years before the second world war broke out in 1939.

The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II occurred between 1942 and 1945 after the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942. Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied Singapore after defeating the combined Australian, British, Indian and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore. The occupation was to become a major turning point in the history of several nations, including that of Japan, Britain and the then colonial state of Singapore. Singapore was renamed to Syonan-to (昭南島 Shōnan-tō), which means "Island of the Light of the South" or "Southern Island (obtained) during Shōwa period".

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, Aw Boon Haw moved to Hong Kong to manage the business from there, while Aw Boon Par stayed in Singapore to run the factory.

In 1942 Boon Par was forced to flee with his family to Rangoon,which was also occupied by Japanese. Boon Par closed the factory. Allies had driven out the Japanese in April 1945, but unfortunately Aw Boon Par died in Sept 1944, prior to the victory.

wife: Piah Lan, Daw Saw, Hong Yin
Sons: Cheng Chye(胡清才)who died in Chile in 1971, Cheng Tek(胡清德)
Daughters: Cheng Sim or Suri Santipongchai(胡清心), married to Lee Aik Sim(李益森, Lee Santipongchai), who in 1971 was given Sing Sian Yit Pao to manage. The newspaper is now managed by their children Netra and Winn. This may be the only company set up by Aw Boon Haw which is still in the hand of the family ; Cheng Hu(Emma), married to banker Lee Chee Shan(李志城,1909-86)who was the President of Chung Khiaw Bank, but the family owned bank was injected into the listed Haw Par Brothers International Ltd and the listed company was took over by predator Slater Walker Securities when Aw Cheng Chye sold his shares.

Aw Boon Haw(胡文虎)1882-1954

Aw Boon Haw (胡文虎;1882 Rangoon, Burma – 1954 Hong Kong) was a Burmese Chinese entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm. He was the son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu Kin, with his ancestral home in Yongding County, Fujian Province. A very good negotiator and businessman. His life was not only business, how he managed to deal with KMT, CPC, Puppet government in China during Japanese occupation, and Japan government during WW2 was amazing...

Aw migrated to Singapore in 1926, where he began the business of Tiger Red Balm with his brother, Aw Boon Par. Aw also founded several newspapers, including Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日報)on 15-1-1929 in Singapore, Sin Ping Jit Poh(星槟日报, now known as Guang Ming Daily (光明日報)was found in 1939, which are both now based in Malaysia. Sing Tao Daily (星島日報) dates back to 1-8-1938 and is currently based in Hong Kong. Sin Siam Jit Poh(星暹日报) was found in 1951 in Bangkok, Thailand. Aw moved to Hong Kong during the Japanese occupation of Singapore and managed the business from there, while his brother stayed in Singapore until he closed down the factory and went to Rangoon. Aw returned to Singapore after the end of World War II and re-established his business.

While on a trip to Hong Kong from Boston in 1954, Aw died at the age of 72 from a heart attack following a major operation. His legacy is found in the Haw Par Villas throughout Asia, with locations in Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Fujian Province.

There was a story of racing rivalry of Au Boon Haw and Sultan Ibrahim of Johore. Sultan Ibrahim was a sportsman and hunter. The egregious diplomatic incident when the sultan, enraged at being overtaken by Aw Boon Haw, shot at the Tiger car on Bukit Timah Road. It was considered lese-majesté to overtake royalty even on foreign roads. Notwithstanding, the British colonial administration forbade the sultan thereafter from visiting Singapore ever again except for purpose of going to and from the Singapore airport, then at Kallang.(source: http://www.escapefromparadise.com)

1908: Taking over the business from the late father, together with brother Aw Boon Par.
1911: First branch outside Rangoon set up in Bangkok
1926 : He moved his head office to Singapore after the British conducted an unsuccessful opium raid in his house. He opened the Eng Aun Tong Medical Hall in Singapore. Turnover of his company reached $10 million.
1929 : Founded Sin Chew Jit Poh, a Chinese newspaper competing with Tan Kah Kee's Nanyang Siang Pau. To further promote his Tiger products he also published the Tiger Standard.
1932 : Moved his head office to Hong Kong to capture the China market
1935: Built Haw Par Villa in Hong Kong for his 2nd wife, Kyi Kyi.
1937 : Built Haw Par Villa otherwise known as the Tiger Balm Gardens for his brother, Boon Par. The gardens depict Chinese mythology.
1938 : An OBE conferred on him for his philanthropic contributions
1950 : Set up the Chung Khiaw Bank. He placed the management of the bank under the leadership of his son-in-law, Lee Chee Shan, also a Burmese Chinese, arrived in Singapore in 1929.
1954 : He died in Honolulu in Sept 1954 at the age of 72 years old, half-way home after a stomach operation in America. His empire was divided among six of his nine surviving children and four nephews. Sally Aw taking control of what is now the Sing Tao group (centered in Hong Kong with Sing Tao) and cousins forming Haw Par Brothers (centred in Singapore and including titles such as Sin Chew Jit Poh, which later experienced difficulty in competition with that nation's two dominant players).

After the death of Haw Boon Haw

1961 Aw Boon Haw's will provided all estates in Hong Kong to be given to Tan Kyi Kyi and Sally Aw. The other children of Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par were not happy and demand for the return of Haw Par Villa and Eng Aun Tong(永安堂)to be equally shared by the next of kin. Legal battle between Tan Kyi Kyi and Sally Aw, and the other children and nephew of Aw Boon Haw for the estate of Aw Boon Haw commenced. Sally Aw applied for liquidation of Haw Par Brothers Ltd. The outcome of the legal battle was that the Eng Aun Tong and Har Par Villa was owned by Haw Par Brothers Private Ltd.

1964 Sing Tao edition launched in San Francisco

1969 Sally Aw launches daily editions of Sing Tao for diaspora

1969 Haw Par Brothers Private Ltd was listed as Haw Par Corporation Limited in the Singapore Exchange on 16-8-1969.

1971 Slater Walker Securities gains control of Haw Par Brothers International Ltd (inc Chung Khiaw Bank and newspapers such as Sin Chew Jit Poh, Hong Kong Eng Aun Tong). It was sold by Aw Cheng Chye(胡清才),son of the Aw Boon Par,when he cash out by selling all his shares.

1971 Union Overseas Bank (UOB) acquires 53% of Chung Khiaw from Slater Walker. The Haw Par Deal was later reported irregular by the Singapore government. On 22-8-1971, Aw Cheng Chye reported committed suicide in Santiago, Chile. Some said he died of stroke, but some said it was the curse of Aw Boon Haw.

1972 Sing Tao Holdings goes public

1973 UOB raises holding in Chung Khiaw to 82%

1973 Sing Tao closes The Asian

1983 Sing Tao launched in Vancouver

1983 Sin Chew Jit Poh in Singapore merges with Nanyang Siang Pau as Lianhe Zaobao

1985 launch of JobMarket recruitment magazine in Hong Kong

1986 Sing Tao relisted in Hong Kong after move from Australia

1986 launches and closes English-language Evening Standard in Hong Kong

1986 launches monthly business magazine Billion

1987 Sing Tao's Newspapers of Fiji Ltd (Fiji Sun) withdraws from Fiji after second military coup

1987 Sin Chew Jit Poh delicensed in Malaysia under Mahathir crackdown, later acquired by Sarawak timber tycoon Tiong Hiew King

1988 UOB acquires remaining shares in Chung Khiaw Bank

1989 Sing Tao closes Billion

1989 closes monthly news magazine China Review

1992 The Chinese government returned the 10 storey Canton Eng Aun Tong(广州永安堂药店)building to Sally Aw

1993 pays US$40 for stake in Hong Kong newspaper and comics publisher Culturecom

1998 Sally Aw sells Hong Kong property holdings for HK$100m

1999 loses control of Sing Tao to Lazard Asia Fund after debts of US$274m

2000 Sally Aw sells Tiger Balm Gardens to Li Ka-shing for US$13m

2001 sells 55% of Sing Tao's Canadian arm to Torstar for US$14m

2001 cigarette mogul Charles Ho Tsu-kwok buys 51.4% stake in Sing Tao Holdings

Aw Boon Haw's family

Father: Aw Chi Kim(胡子钦), a herbalist from Zhongchuan, YongDing, Fujian Province in China.

Brothers: Aw Boon Leong(文龙) ("gentle dragon")died early; Aw Boon Par(文豹) ("gentle leopard").

Wives: Boon Haw had four wives. First wife, Tay Piang Hong(郑炳凤, 郑氏是广东惠阳客籍人,生长于仰光?); his second wife, Tan Kyi Kyi(陈金枝), he built a special home at Tai Hang Road, Hong Kong for her. Third wife 黄玉谢 was from Penang,and forth wife 邱秀英.

Adpted Sons: Dato Aw Kow(胡蛟), wife Tan Kah Joo, became General Manager(社长) of the Sin Chew Jit Poh in 1941, the Singapore Tiger Standard and the Chung Khiaw Bank; Aw San(胡山), who became general manager of the Eng Aun Tong Medical Hall and its Canton factory; Aw Hoe(胡好,1919-1951), who became general manager of the Medical Hall and managing director of the Tiger Standard and the Sin Chew Jit Poh; he died tragically in a plane crash in North Malaysia in 1951. A Standard-owned Dakota airplane crash-landed in Thailand, killing everyone on board, including Aw Hoe. He was only 32 years old. Aw Kow and Aw San were the adopted sons of Tay Piang Hong, the first wife. Aw San was dislike and cold storage by Aw Boon Haw and did not get any inheritance from the father. Aw Hoe and Sally Aw are the adopted children of the 2nd wife, Tan Kyi Kyi, the two children are the most capable, Aw Boon Haw was very sad when Aw Hoe died young.

Sons: The 3rd wife(黄玉谢)has two sons, It Haw(胡一虎), Er Haw(胡二虎)who passed away during WW2. The forth wife(邱秀英) give birth to two sons one daughter, Aw Sin(胡星),Aw San Haw(胡三虎)who passed away during WW2,Aw Si Haw(胡四虎). Aw It Haw(胡一虎) and Aw Si Haw(胡四虎)were still young when their father passed away. Aw It Haw(胡一虎) and his Japanese wife(胡晓子) however opened a Japanese supermarket in Singapore.

Daughter: Aw Sin(胡星), the daughter of 邱秀英.

Adopted Daughters: Sally Aw Sian (胡仙), who was a Hong Kong businesswoman and former Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference member,renowned Hong Kong newspaper publisher but had to sell of much of the family's fortunes to avoid bankruptcy. In 1931, Aw Boon Haw and the second wife Tan Kyi Kyi, adopted the five-year-old daughter of a distant relative from Burma, changing the girl's name from She Moi to Sian. Aw Sian inherited her late adopted father's assets. Aw Sian and Aw Hoe are the adopted children of Aw Boon Haw's second wife, Tan Kyi Kyi, and their most favorable children.

According to the report, Sally Aw was the adopted daughter of Aw Boon Haw, he is the daughter of Hu Yee Tee(胡榆梯 or 胡亚梯), a Burmese Chinese from the same ancestral homeland of Feng Yau Tong(奋耀堂), Yongding, China. Hu was opening Chinese medical hall in Bukit Mertajam(大山脚镇), Province Wellesley, opposite Penang island. His wife is a Siamese Chinese from Betong, Thailand, who give birth to a daughter, who was born in 1933. Aw Boon Haw was selling the tiger balm heat rub, supplying medicine to Hu’s shop. Aw Boon Haw was fond of the small girl, as he has no daughter, and wished to adopt the girl. Hu agreed with the request with Aw’s agreement that she will never to return to her birth parent. Nanyang Siang Pau《南洋商报》 reported that the boss of Ban Hock Tong (福堂药材店), Hu Chit Siang(胡概祥) admitted that he is the brother of Sally Aw. He still maintain some photo of Sally Aw. Some Chinese source reported that Sally Aw was born in 1931 at Rangoon, Burma. Other said it was 1933 in Penang.

From the research, Ban Hock Tong still located at 154, Jln Datok Ooh Chooi Cheng, Bukit Mertajam, an old established medical hall in Bukit Mertajam. Hu Chit Siang(胡概祥)was the President of Wing Oon Sha(槟城永安社), formed in 1920, the association for Yongding Hakka Chinese. It is located at 91,Jalan Siam, Penang. He was the President for two terms, 1982-1983, and 1984-1985. He was also the President 1988-2000 for She Foo Kongsi Ann Teng Tong(马来西亚槟城胡氏安定堂), located at 70, Penang Street, Penang(马来西亚槟城广东街70号).

Haw Par Villa(虎豹別墅), Hong Kong


Haw Par Villa is located at 15, Tai Hang Road, Tai Hang, Hong Kong Island, SAR. Built by Aw Boon Haw in 1935 this garden was one of the main attractions of Hong Kong. However, in 1998 the ownership inheritor sold the whole complex to a land development company Most of the Garden has been sold to be redeveloped into a residential area. In 1998, the ownership inheritor, Aw Sian sold the whole Garden complex to a land development company, Cheung Kong. The Hong Kong Government reached an agreement with the company for the Hong Kong Antiquities and Monuments Office to preserve and restore the Haw Par Mansion and its private garden when the Garden complex is redeveloped.

Haw Par Villa(虎豹別墅), Pasir Panjang, Singapore


Located along the Pasir Panjang road, Singapore's Haw Par Villa is actually a theme park depicting stories from the Chinese mythology. The great entrepreneur Aw Boon Haw built it in the year 1937 for his loving brother Boon Par, thus the name Haw Par Villa came into being. Haw Par Villa, the quintessential place depicting Chinese folklore is a great tourist attraction of Singapore.

There is another Haw Par Villa in Fujian, China.

The story of Aw family is full of drama covering Burma, Singapore, Hong Kong; much more than Tiger Balm.....it is unfortunate that the business empire of the Tiger Balm King Aw Boon Haw were all sold, and only Sing Sian Jit Pao was still remain with Aw Boon Par's daughter Cheng Sim or Suri Santipongchai, and now it has passed to the next generation. The saying of the properties cannot passed through to 3rd generations is true for Tiger Balm family, it only passed to the 2nd generation to Sally Aw. However Aw Boon Par will be happy that at least Sing Sian Jit Pao has passed to 3rd generation.....

Updated 9-2-2014
The oldest and largest Chinese newspaper in Thailand is published by Sing Pao Co.,Ltd., located at 267, New Road, Bangkok. It was took over by Aw Boon Par's son-in-law, Lee Santipongchai(李益森) in 1971. He is the chairman of the company from 1971-2010. Two of Mr Lee's children are also involved with the paper: Daughter Ms Netra Ruthaiyanont and a son, Winn Santipongchai. Winn Santipongchai was once Executive Director of Sing Pao Co Limited. Netra Ruthaiyanont (李坤珊), the daughter of Lee and Suree Santipongchai(Aw Cheng Sim胡清心), was former MD of Sin Sian Jit Pao(from Jan1980-Nov 2010), now Country Manager - Myanmar ที่ Loxley PCL. She is married to Anusorn with two sons, Al, a fashion stylist, and Nick. Mr Lee Santipongchai is now consul of Uruguay Consulate in Bangkok , at Sing Sian Yit Pao Bldg , No. 267 New Road Bangkok 10100 Thailand .Winn Santipongchai is the Honorary Vice-Consul.
Just for note, the last inheritance of Aw's family, the newspaper in Bangkok "Sing Sian Jit Pao" or Sing Sian Yit Pao Daily News (ซิงเสียนเยอะเป้า, 星暹日報) was sold in 2010, that was the end of Tiger Balm Empire.

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Related articles/website

1. Aw Boon Haw Foundation, http://www.abhfoundation.org/english/aboutABH.html
2. Aw Boon Haw, http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_789_2004-12-23.html
3. Escape from Paradise(2001), by John Harding & May Chu Harding , published by IDK Press, USA( May Chu is the granddaughter of Aw Cheng Hu or Emma, the daughter of Aw Boon Par. A book banned in Singapore. An interesting read. You can read part of it in google; http://books.google.com.my/books?id=3jyw0ndQqnQC&dq=Aw+Boon+Par+,+Rangoon,&source=gbs_navlinks_s
4. Escape from Paradise, personal website of May Chu, http://www.escapefromparadise.com/NewFiles/aw.html(you may read some story of personality in Singapore). If you have read the book, this will be interesting to follow on...
5. Legal case: Haw Par Bros. International Ltd. vs Tiger Balm Co. (P) Ltd. And Ors. on 1 April, 1995,http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1291339/
6. Entanglement of Business and Politics in the Chinese Diaspora:Interrogating the Wartime Patriotism of Aw Boon Haw(2006), by HUANG JIANLI, JOURNAL OF CHINESE OVERSEAS 2, 1 (MAY 2006) : 79–17109, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_chinese_overseas/v002/2.1huang.pdf(To know the role Aw Boon Haw played during WW2)
7. The tale of Haw Par , http://www.hawpar.com/heritage.htm
8. Far From Rangoon: Lee Chee Shan 1909-86(1994), by Yeap Joo Kim, published by Lee Teng Lay Pte. Ltd.,Singapore( The biography on Aw Boon Par's son-in-law, a banker with Singaporean bank, Chung Khiaw Bank)
9. 香港“报业女王”星岛集团主席胡仙衰落记, http://www.baoye.net/News.aspx?ID=236817(In Chinese)
10.纪念胡文虎诞辰125周年, http://www.longyan.gov.cn/rdzt/hwh/
11. “万金油大王”胡文虎儿媳：一生最荣幸之事是拥有新加坡国籍(2008),符祝慧(东京特派员),联合早报 (2008-01-14) http://www.zaobao.com/special/face2face/pages1/face2face080114.shtml
12. Dato Aw Kow v Haw Par Bros (Pte) Ltd(1972-1974) SLR 391; (1972) 2 MLJ 225 (HC), Haw Par
Brothers v Dato Aw Kow (1972-1974) SLR 183; (1973)2 MLJ 169 (CA);